Health inequalities among British civil servants: the Whitehall II study

If self-regulation conforms to an energy or strength model, then self-control should be impaired by prior exertion. In Study 1, trying to regulate one's emotional response to an upsetting movie was followed by a decrease in physical stamina. In Study 2, suppressing forbidden thoughts led to a subsequent tendency to give up quickly on unsolvable anagrams. In Study 3, suppressing thoughts impaired subsequent efforts to control the expression of amusement and enjoyment. In Study 4, autobiographical accounts of successful versus failed emotional control linked prior regulatory demands and fatigue to self-regulatory failure. A strength model of self-regulation fits the data better than activation, priming, skill, or constant capacity models of self-regulation.

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Self-control as limited resource: regulatory depletion patterns

Despite considerable advances in research and practice over the past three decades, cardiovascular disease and, in particular, coronary heart disease (CHD) remains the primary cause of premature death in the United States. This chapter will illustrate the various methods and concepts within health psychology that have been applied to further our understanding of the factors that contribute to CHD and the various prevention and intervention strategies used to reduce the risk of CHD morbidity and mortality. This chapter will first provide an overview of etiological considerations, including a definition of CHD and specification of risk factors. The remainder of the chapter will focus on “coronary-prone behavior pattern,” or the Type A behavior pattern, as it relates to the development and maintenance of CHD. As was discussed in Chapter 1, this behavior pattern represents the first well-defined psychological or behavioral risk factor in the history of risk factor research in health and illness. Therefore, the Type A behavior pattern will be emphasized, with a focus on (1) defining the pattern and presenting it in historical perspective, (2) describing the pattern and the methods used to measure and identify it, (3) reviewing the research validating the Type A construct and providing an overview of the psychological aspects of the behavior pattern, and (4) reviewing the psychophysiological

Coronary heart disease. Clinical, cinearteriographic and metabolic correlations.

Psychological characteristics associated with performence in entrepreneurial firms and smaller businesses

Background Previous studies have suggested that moderate alcohol intake exerts a protective effect against coronary heart disease. Alterations in plasma lipoprotein levels represent one plausible mechanism of this apparent protective effect. Methods We therefore examined the interrelation among alcohol consumption, plasma lipoprotein levels, and the risk of myocardial infarction in 340 patients who had had myocardial infarctions and an equal number of age- and sex-matched controls. The case patients were men or women less than 76 years of age with no history of coronary disease who were discharged from one of six hospitals in the Boston area with a diagnosis of a confirmed myocardial infarction. Alcohol consumption was estimated by means of a food-frequency questionnaire. Results We observed a significant inverse association between alcohol consumption and the risk of myocardial infarction (P for trend, <0.001 after control for known coronary risk factors). In multivariate analyses, the relative risk for ...

https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM199312163292501

Moderate Alcohol Intake, Increased Levels of High-Density Lipoprotein and Its Subfractions, and Decreased Risk of Myocardial Infarction

Questionnaires administered to 1822 members of the Framingham Heart Study from 1965 to 1967 provided measures of personality type, sociocultural mobility, situational stress and somatic strain. Clusters of questions selected by a panel of experts, and verified by item and factor analysis, formed scales of Type A behavior and other psychosocial states. The Framingham Type A behavior scale was significantly correlated with daily stress (.47), emotional lability (.43), tension (.42), anger symptoms (.34), and ambitiousness (.31). Women were less likely than men to be ambitious and to exhibit the Framingham Type A behavior, and were more likely than men to be emotionally labile, tense, and to suppress hostility. Few consistent associations were found between psychosocial stress measures and levels of blood pressure or cholesterol. Social status and marital conflicts were significantly associated with patterns of smoking. The Framingham Type A behavior pattern and other psychosocial measures were not related to the level of CHD risk, as determined by the Framingham logistic equations.

The relationship of psychosocial factors to coronary heart disease in the Framingham study. I. Methods and risk factors.

In a cross-sectional study of 1822 persons aged 45 to 77 years of age, the association of 20 psychosocial scales with coronary heart disease (CHD) prevalence was assessed. Women (aged 45 to 64 years) with coronary disease scored significantly higher on the Framingham Type A behavior, emotional lability, aging worries, tension, and anger symptoms scales than women free of CHD. The prevalence of CHD was significantly higher among working women and housewives classified as Type A than as Type B behavior. Among men under 65 years, Framingham Type A behavior, aging worries, daily stress, and tension were associated with the prevalence of myocardial infarction (MI). For men and women over 65 years, marital dissatisfactions or disagreements were significantly related to the prevalence of CHD. In a multivariate analysis, the above associations were controlled for age, blood pressure, cholesterol, smoking, and other psychosocial scales. Among women under 65 years of age, Framingham Type A behavior and emotional lability remained significant discriminators of CHD prevalence. Aging worries significantly differentiated men under 65 with and without MI. Issues related to the interpretation of results from cross-sectional studies are discussed, and four hypotheses are suggested for future prospective work in this area.

The relationship of psychosocial factors to coronary heart disease in the framingham study ii. prevalence of coronary heart disease

"Recommended for the provocative questions it raises concerning the effect on the patient of the structure of medical care, concerning the important decisions regarding policy facing the medical profession, the hospital administrator, and the public, and for the discussions of legal and economic dimensions which are frequently forgotten by personnel working directly with the patient. -Edmund C. Payne, Psychiatry in Medicine The fourteen original articles in The Dying Patient examine the problems of dying and medical conduct from the perspectives of sociology, economics, medicine, and the law.

Norman A. Scotch

Papers

The relationship of psychosocial factors to coronary heart disease in the Framingham study. I. Methods and risk factors.

The relationship of psychosocial factors to coronary heart disease in the framingham study ii. prevalence of coronary heart disease

The Dying Patient

The Dying Patient

Toward the Development of Theoretical Models: II