The need for increased sustainability of performance in cereal varieties, particularly in organic agriculture (OA), is limited by the lack of varieties adapted to organic conditions. Here, the needs for breeding are reviewed in the context of three major marketing types, global, regional, local, in European OA. Currently, the effort is determined, partly, by the outcomes from trials that compare varieties under OA and CA (conventional agriculture) conditions. The differences are sufficiently large and important to warrant an increase in appropriate breeding. The wide range of environments within OA and between years, underlines the need to try to select for specific adaptation in target environments. The difficulty of doing so can be helped by decentralised breeding with farmer participation and the use of crops buffered by variety mixtures or populations. Varieties for OA need efficient nutrient uptake and use and weed competition. These and other characters need to be considered in relation to the OA cropping system over the whole rotation. Positive interactions are needed, such as early crop vigour for nutrient uptake, weed competition and disease resistance. Incorporation of all characteristics into the crop can be helped by diversification within the crop, allowing complementation and compensation among plants. Although the problems of breeding cereals for organic farming systems are large, there is encouraging progress. This lies in applications of ecology to organic crop production, innovations in plant sciences, and the realisation that such progress is central to both OA and CA, because of climate change and the increasing costs of fossil fuels.

/pdf/developments-in-breeding-cereals-for-organic-agriculture-3oz0nqvfbx.pdf

Developments in breeding cereals for organic agriculture

Identifying traits to improve the nitrogen economy of wheat: Recent advances and future prospects

https://www.iris.sssup.it/retrieve/handle/11382/302982/782/eurJagr2006.pdf

Grain yield, and dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and remobilization in durum wheat as affected by variety and seeding rate

In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), nitrogen remobilization from the vegetative organs of the crop to the grains has been shown to depend on environmental factors and genotype. We performed, for a set of 10 winter wheat genotypes, field experiments at six sites over a 2-yr period. By measuring nitrogen uptake at flowering (NUF from 32-284 kg ha -1 ), the amount of remobilized nitrogen (REMN from 24-228 kg ha -1 ) and nitrogen remobilization efficiency (NRE from 0.44-0.92) we were able to determine the effect of genotype and environment on the relationship between REMN and NUF. Environment and genotype had significant effects on nitrogen remobilization and nitrogen remobilization efficiency, which mainly depended on treatment (nitrogen and fungicide) and site. For environments without limiting factor during the grain-fluing period, we found that REMN was not dependent on the genotype and could be estimated by a single two-parameter linear relationship (REMN = 4.13 + NUF × 0.76, r 2 = 0.97). We analyzed the effect of drought stress before and after flowering, high temperature during these periods, nitrogen availability and disease pressure on REMN by comparing observed and estimated REMN. The effect of the environment on the relationship between nitrogen uptake at flowering and nitrogen remobilization depended on nitrogen uptake during grain-filling period and disease pressure and was also affected by genotype. Disease-resistant genotypes seemed to be able to keep remobilization efficiency stable in conditions of strong disease pressure, whereas nitrogen remobilization efficiency decreased strongly in susceptible genotypes under the same conditions.

Nitrogen Remobilization during Grain Filling in Wheat: Genotypic and Environmental Effects

Genotype-by-environment interaction.

Genetic variation for dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and translocation in two-rowed spring barley: I. Dry matter translocation

Genetic variation for dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and translocation in two-rowed spring barley

Knowledge of the presence and magnitude of cultivar-by-environment (C × E) interactions is important to plant breeders in making decisions regarding the development and evaluation of new cultivars In this study, 16 winter wheat cultivars were grown in 11 environments in a randomized complete block design with three replicates The winter wheat (Tritcum aestivum L) cultivars displayed a broad range of quality, and the different environments represented a broad range of environmental conditions Test weight (TW), grain protein content (GP), sedimentation value (SED), wet gluten (WG), farinograph absorption (FAB), farinograph dough development time (FDT), quality number (FQN), resistance to extension (ER), loaf volume (LV), and baking score (BS) were measured Highly significant differences were detected among the environments and cultivars for each of the quality variables Significant C × E interactions indicated that the breadmaking quality evaluations must be undertaken for several environment

Cultivar-by-Environment Interactions for Wheat Quality Traits in Semiarid Conditions

Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia hordei Otth, is an important disease of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in many areas of the world. The appearance of new virulent races necessitates the identification of new resistance genes in barley. Screening of spring barley landraces from former Yugoslavia led to the identifi- cation of an accession (MBR1012) carrying resistance to the most widespread virulent leaf rust pathotypes in

Genetic mapping of a leaf rust resistance gene in the former Yugoslavian barley landrace MBR1012

Quality of barley consists of precisely defined grain quality attributes
 (grain weight, grading, grain protein concentration, etc.) and malt quality
 attributes (extract, viscosity, Kolbach index, etc.). Barley quality
 attributes are quantitatively inherited and greatly affected by environmental
 factors such as temperature, available water, nitrogen fertilizer and soil
 type. The main objective of this study was to determine the effects of
 genotype and growing conditions (year) on grain and malt quality attributes
 in barley grown under field conditions in the Pannonian zone. The eight
 spring two-row barley varieties were studied during a seven growing seasons
 (1998-2004) on the location Novi Sad (45°20'N, 15°51'E, 86 m asl). The
 growing season predominantly affected variation of the all studied grain and
 malt quality attributes of spring barley where its percentage of variance was
 35.2%, 20.2%, 32.5%, 25.4%, 30.9%, 31.2%, and 38.5% for grain weight (GW),
 grading (GRA), grain protein content (GPC), viscosity (VIS), Kolbach index
 (KOL), Hartong number (HAR) and extract content (EXT), respectively. The
 interaction of GxE comprised of 28.4%, 64.5%, 38.2%, 54.0%, 39.6%, 41.2% and
 23.7% of variation for GW, GRA, GPC, VIS, KOL, HAR and EXT, respectively. The
 genetic component of variance ranged from 11.1% for GRA to 35.0% for EXT. The
 heritability was the lowest for GRA-0.54 and the highest for EXT-0.91. Across
 growing seasons GW ranged from 39.6 to 46.1g, GRA from 76.7 to 91.1%, GPC
 from 12.1 to 13.5g 100-1g dm, VIS from 1.44 till 1.61m.Ps, KOL from 32.5 to
 42,9%, HAR from 31.9 to 45.9VZ 45°C and EXT from 76.3 to 80.3% dm. Out of
 seven growing seasons EXT was acceptable in four ranging from79.2 to 81.4%
 dm. Although growing conditions in the Pannonian zone are less favorable for
 malting barley production in relation to western Europe it does not exclude
 malting barley production with acceptable quality in the Pannonian zone
 environments. The varieties Scarlett and Viktor performed quite acceptable
 quality in the Pannonian zone and may be recommended for commercial
 production in this region for malt industry.

/pdf/effect-of-growing-season-and-variety-on-quality-of-spring-53i3vxx5of.pdf

Novo Przulj

Papers

Genetic variation for dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and translocation in two-rowed spring barley: I. Dry matter translocation

Genetic variation for dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and translocation in two-rowed spring barley

Cultivar-by-Environment Interactions for Wheat Quality Traits in Semiarid Conditions

Genetic mapping of a leaf rust resistance gene in the former Yugoslavian barley landrace MBR1012

Effect of growing season and variety on quality of spring two-rowed barley