Renewable energy sources like wind energy are copiously available without any limitation. Wind turbines are used to tap the potential of wind energy, which is available in millions of MW. Reliability of wind turbine is critical to extract this maximum amount of energy from the wind. We reviewed different techniques, methodologies and algorithms developed to monitor the performance of wind turbine as well as for an early fault detection to keep away the wind turbines from catastrophic conditions due to sudden breakdowns. To keep the wind turbine in operation, implementation of condition monitoring system (CMS) and fault detection system (FDS) is paramount and for this purpose ample knowledge of these two types of systems is mandatory. So, an attempt has been made in this direction to review maximum approaches related to CMS and FDS in this piece of writing.

Condition monitoring and fault detection of wind turbines and related algorithms: A review

Condition monitoring of wind turbines: Techniques and methods

Renewable energy sources have gained much attention due to the recent energy crisis and the urge to get clean energy. Among the main options being studied, wind energy is a strong contender because of its reliability due to the maturity of the technology, good infrastructure and relative cost competitiveness. In order to harvest wind energy more efficiently, the size of wind turbines has become physically larger, making maintenance and repair works difficult. In order to improve safety considerations, to minimize down time, to lower the frequency of sudden breakdowns and associated huge maintenance and logistic costs and to provide reliable power generation, the wind turbines must be monitored from time to time to ensure that they are in good condition. Among all the monitoring systems, the structural health monitoring (SHM) system is of primary importance because it is the structure that provides the integrity of the system. SHM systems and the related non-destructive test and evaluation methods are discussed in this review. As many of the methods function on local damage, the types of damage that occur commonly in relation to wind turbines, as well as the damage hot spots, are also included in this review.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-0233/19/12/122001/pdf

Structural health monitoring for a wind turbine system: a review of damage detection methods

Review of state of the art in smart rotor control research for wind turbines

As the demand for wind energy continues to grow at exponential rates, reducing operation and maintenance (OM) costs and improving reliability have become top priorities in wind turbine (WT) maintenance strategies. In addition to the development of more highly evolved WT designs intended to improve availability, the application of reliable and cost-effective condition-monitoring (CM) techniques offers an efficient approach to achieve this goal. This paper provides a general review and classification of wind turbine condition monitoring (WTCM) methods and techniques with a focus on trends and future challenges. After highlighting the relevant CM, diagnosis, and maintenance analysis, this work outlines the relationship between these concepts and related theories, and examines new trends and future challenges in the WTCM industry. Interesting insights from this research are used to point out strengths and weaknesses in today’s WTCM industry and define research priorities needed for the industry to meet the challenges in wind industry technological evolution and market growth.

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Wind Turbine Condition Monitoring: State-of-the-Art Review, New Trends, and Future Challenges

/pdf/fundamentals-for-remote-structural-health-monitoring-of-wind-1ainqocrqe.pdf

Fundamentals for remote structural health monitoring of wind turbine blades - a preproject. Annex E. Full-scale test of wind turbine blade, using sensors and NDT

This summary-report describes the results of a pre-project that has the aim of establishing the basic technical knowledge to evaluate whether remote surveillance of the rotor blades of large off-shore wind turbines has technical and economical potential. A cost-benefit analysis was developed, showing that it is economically attractive to use sensors embedded in the blade. Specific technical requirements were defined for the sensors capability to detect the most important damage types in wind turbine blades. Three different sensor types were selected for use in laboratory experiments and full-scale tests of a wind turbine blade developing damage: 1) detection of stress wave emission by acoustic emission, 2) measurement of modal shape changes by accelerometers and 3) measurement of crack opening of adhesive joint by a fibre optics micro-bend displacement transducer that was developed in the project. All types of sensor approaches were found to work satisfactory. The techniques were found to complement each other: Acoustic emission has the capability of detecting very small damages and can be used for locating the spatial position and size of evolving damages. The fibre optics displacement transducer was found to work well for detecting adhesive failure. Modelling work shows that damage in a wind turbine blade causes a significant change in the modal shape when the damage is in the order of 0.5-1 m. Rough estimates of the prices of complete sensor systems were made. The system based on acoustic emission was the most expensive and the one based on accelerometers was the cheapest. NDT methods (ultrasound scanning and X-ray inspection) were found to be useful for verification of hidden damage. Details of the work are described in annexes. (au)

/pdf/fundamentals-for-remote-structural-health-monitoring-of-wind-137k41eb38.pdf

Fundamentals for remote structural health monitoring of wind turbine blades - a preproject

A series of 19.1 metre wind turbine blades manufactured by LM Glasfiber A/S of Lunderskov, Denmark were subjected to a series of flapwise fatigue tests. The object of these fatigue tests is to evaluate the impact of an increased load on the blade in a fatigue test and to give information if it is possible to increase the load in fatigue test to shorten test time. The tests were carried out as a part of a project financed by the Danish Energy Agency. During the fatigue tests the blades have been surveyed with thermal imaging equipment to determine how an increase in fatigue load affects the blade material. In addition to the thermal imaging surveillance the blades were instrumented with strain gauges. This report presents the temperature during test, calibration test results, moment range measurements, strain statistics, thermal imaging registrations and a determination of the size and cause of the damages. The report is also giving information on the blade-to-blade variation. The total number of pages for this report is 72. Measurements described in this report refer only to the specific blades, identified in this report. The report may only be published in full and with source reference. Extracts may only be quoted upon prior permission in writing. The Danish Energy Agency and Risø National Laboratory financed testing, measurements and data analysis and LM Glasfiber A/S has delivered the blades used in test. ISBN 87-550-3099-8 ISBN 87-550-3100-5 (Internet) ISSN 0106-2840 Print: Pitney Bowes Management Services Denmark A/S, 2003

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O.J.D. Kristensen

Papers

Fundamentals for remote structural health monitoring of wind turbine blades - a preproject. Annex E. Full-scale test of wind turbine blade, using sensors and NDT

Fundamentals for remote structural health monitoring of wind turbine blades - a preproject

Accelerated fatigue testing of LM 19.1 blades

Improving the structural testing of wind turbine blades by monitoring acoustic emission