OBJECTIVE
To identify factors in childhood which might influence the development of obesity in adulthood.


BACKGROUND
The prevalence of obesity is increasing in the UK and other developed countries, in adults and children. The adverse health consequences of adult obesity are well documented, but are less certain for childhood obesity. An association between fatness in adolescence and undesirable socio-economic consequences, such as lower educational attainment and income, has been observed, particularly for women. Childhood factors implicated in the development of adult obesity therefore have far-reaching implications for costs to the health-services and economy.


SEARCH STRATEGY
In order to identify relevant studies, electronic databases--Medline, Embase, CAB abstracts, Psyclit and Sport Discus-were searched from the start date of the database to Spring 1998. The general search structure for electronic databases was (childhood or synonyms) AND (fatness or synonyms) AND (longitudinal or synonyms). Further studies were identified by citations in retrieved papers and by consultation with experts.


INCLUSION CRITERIA
Longitudinal observational studies of healthy children which included measurement of a risk factor in childhood (<18 y), and outcome measure at least 1 y later. Any measure of fatness, leanness or change in fatness or leanness was accepted. Measures of fat distribution were not included. Only studies with participants from an industrialized country were considered, and those concerning minority or special groups, e.g. Pima Indians or children born preterm, were excluded.


FINDINGS
Risk factors for obesity included parental fatness, social factors, birth weight, timing or rate of maturation, physical activity, dietary factors and other behavioural or psychological factors. Offspring of obese parent(s) were consistently seen to be at increased risk of fatness, although few studies have looked at this relationship over longer periods of childhood and into adulthood. The relative contributions of genes and inherited lifestyle factors to the parent-child fatness association remain largely unknown. No clear relationship is reported between socio-economic status (SES) in early life and childhood fatness. However, a strong consistent relationship is observed between low SES in early life and increased fatness in adulthood. Studies investigating SES were generally large but very few considered confounding by parental fatness. Women who change social class (social mobility) show the prevalence of obesity of the class they join, an association which is not present in men. The influence of other social factors such as family size, number of parents at home and childcare have been little researched. There is good evidence from large and reasonably long-term studies for an apparently clear relationship for increased fatness with higher birth weight, but in studies which attempted to address potential confounding by gestational age, parental fatness, or social group, the relationship was less consistent. The relationship between earlier maturation and greater subsequent fatness was investigated in predominantly smaller, but also a few large studies. Again, this relationship appeared to be consistent, but in general, the studies had not investigated whether there was confounding by other factors, including parental fatness, SES, earlier fatness in childhood, or dietary or activity behaviours. Studies investigating the role of diet or activity were generally small, and included diverse methods of risk factor measurement. There was almost no evidence for an influence of activity in infancy on later fatness, and inconsistent but suggestive evidence for a protective effect of activity in childhood on later fatness. No clear evidence for an effect of infant feeding on later fatness emerged, but follow-up to adulthood was rare, with only one study measuring fatness after 7y. Studies investigating diet in childhood were limited and inconc

Childhood predictors of adult obesity: a systematic review.

A Fasting Glucose to Insulin Ratio Is a Useful Measure of Insulin Sensitivity in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Evaluation of anti-diabetic attributes of Lactobacillus rhamnosus MTCC: 5957, Lactobacillus rhamnosus MTCC: 5897 and Lactobacillus fermentum MTCC: 5898 in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.

Anti-diabetic effect of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich. (Annonaceae) fruit acetone fraction in a type 2 diabetes model of rats.

Obejective. To examine the discriminatory power of triglyceride (TG) and triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C) for insulin resistance (IR) in a normoglycaemic Chinese population. Methods. The data were collected from 711 individuals. The normoglycaemic individuals were eventually included in the study (n = 533, age: 62.8 ± 6.6 years, male: 56.8%), who were with a fasting plasma glucose < 6.1 mmol/L and without a history of diabetes. IR was defined as the upper quintile (≥1.6) of homeostasis model assessment of IR. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AROC) was used to examine the discriminatory power. Results. The discriminatory power of TG/HDL-C for IR was acceptable in women with a BMI < 24 kg/m2 or waist circumference < 80 cm (AROCs: 0.718 and 0.713, resp.); however, the discriminatory power was not acceptable in the obese women. TG/HDL-C was not an acceptable marker of IR in men. The discriminatory power of TG for IR was not acceptable in both men and women. Conclusions. The discriminatory power of TG/HDL-C for IR differs by gender and obesity index in the normoglycaemic Chinese population, and TG/HDL-C could discriminate IR in the nonobese and normoglycaemic women.

/pdf/the-tg-hdl-c-ratio-might-be-a-surrogate-for-insulin-23p7nuy6yg.pdf

The TG/HDL-C Ratio Might Be a Surrogate for Insulin Resistance in Chinese Nonobese Women

Obesity is a complicated multifaceted problem generally accompanied by disturbances in carbohydrate and fat meta bolism, insulin resistance as well as an increase in oxida tive stress. The bark of Hypodaphnis zenkeri (HZ) and dry fruits of Xylopia aet hiopica (XA) commonly used as spices in Cameroonian cuisine also have applications in traditional medicine. This study evaluates their effects on some biological parameters of acute hyperlipidemic rats and on rats fed with High Fat High Sucrose (HFHS) diet. The spices were extrac ted in water, water/ethanol (50/50) and ethanol. The first part of the work was the in vitro st udy where, the partial phytochemical composition as well as the antioxidant potential of extracts w ere studied, using folin Ciocalteu’s phenol method and ABTS (3 - ethyl - benzothiazoline - 6 - sulfonic acid) assay. The best extract for each spice was selected and used for the “ in vivo ” study which consisted in studying their effect on weight and biochemical parameters in acute hyperlipidemic r ats and insulin resistant rats. The extracts contained phenols like flavonoids. They also showed free radical scavenging pr operties in vitro . Total phenolic content were higher particularly for the hydroethanolic extract ( HEE ) of Hypodaphnis zenkeri (413.87 ± 13.19 mg Eq catechin/g of extrac t), but lowest for the water extract ( WE ) of Xylopia aet hiopica (63.07 ± 1.60 mg Eq cat echin/g of extract). At a concentration of 400 mg/kg, t he HEE extract of Hypodaphnis zenkeri showed a hypotriglyceridemic activity on rats with hypertriglyceridemia induced by triton WR - 1339 unlike the EE of Xylopia aet hiopica . But these two ext racts inhib ited weight gain and reduced postprandial glycemia in insulin resistant rats. T he bark of H y podaphnis zenkeri , and dry fruits of Xylopia aethiopica cont ained bioactive ingr edients; they ameliorated the glucose uptake and the evolution of weight impaired by the chronic consumption of HF HS diet i n rats.

/pdf/effects-of-extracts-of-hypodaphnis-zenkeri-and-xylopia-aet-590ns8euya.pdf

Effects of extracts of hypodaphnis zenkeri and xylopia aet hiopica on blood lipids, glycemia an d body wei ght of triton wr - 1339 and insulino resistant rats

Introduction: Childhood malnutrition especially under nutrition is one of the most frequent causes of child morbidity and mortality. The consequences of malnutrition are more apparent in adulthood; it results in poor physical development and diminished cognitive abilities.
Objective: To evaluate the nutritional status of supposedly healthy children aged 0 to 2 years old, attending vaccination clinics in Mezam division, North West Region, Cameroon.
Methods: It was a descriptive survey using structured questionnaires, which covered socioeconomic and
demographic information, breastfeeding practices, socio-cultural and economic factors and anthropometric data. Anthropometric measurements were taken (weight, height, head circumference). The total number of children was 990 (561 girls and 429 boys) all from diverse ethnic groups and Backgrounds. The anthropometric indicator used was the weight-for-age. The nutritional status of these children was evaluated with respect to a number of factors which are: age range, the sex of the children, milk feeding, socio-economic and demographic factors. The results obtained were expressed in percentages.
Results: Comparison of the growth patterns of the study population with that of the NCHS references revealed that none of the children grew exactly according to the NCHS references. The prevalence rate of both under nutrition and over nutrition among the 0-2 year’s old children living in Mezam division was high. Children aged 0 to 6 months were more affected by under nutrition while those aged 6-12 months were more affected by over nutrition. Risk factors of under nutrition in these infants were as a result of factors such as: Nature of  parents’ profession, parents’ educational level, inappropriate child feeding practices such as exclusive breastfeeding practiced incorrectly and mixed feeding started too early.
Conclusion: The study revealed a high prevalence rate of both under nutrition and over nutrition among children aged 0-2 year’s old living in the Mezam division.

/pdf/nutritional-status-and-risk-factors-of-malnutrition-among-0-4xut8j0wpe.pdf

Nutritional Status and Risk Factors of Malnutrition among 0-24 Months Old Children Living in Mezam Division, North West Region, Cameroon

Several studies indicate that obesity is closely related to insulin resistance (IR) However, this relationship has not been adequately explored among Africans This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of insulin resistance among obese Cameroonian women using some indirect methods for assessment of insulin resistance We also analysed the correlation between some indices of IR with Triglyceride to HDL cholesterol ratio We examined 230 obese and overweight women Anthropometric measurements were done for all individuals Blood lipids parameters, glucose and insulin were assayed after a 10 h fast The indices McA, HOMA, QUICKI, ISI, FI and FIGR were used to assess insulin resistance Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis indicated that HOMA and QUICKI had high sensitivity and specificity for measuring IR compared to other indices The overall prevalence of IR was 539% by HOMA-IR and 557% by QUICKI TG/HDL-C method detected lower number of patients with IR in our study group and was not related to the homeostatic indexes of insulin resistance HOMA and QUICKI This study indicates that insulin resistance is present in about half proportions of overweight and obese Cameroonian women

	 

	Key words: Insulin resistance, obesity, body mass index, HOMA, QUICKI

Prevalence of insulin resistance in obese Cameroonian women

Aims: To study effect of birth weight and mode of feeding during early infancy on clinical indicators of obesity and lipid profile in adulthood. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted on 260 adults aged 21-31 years censured in Yaounde between February and March 2012. Methodology: The study was transversal and retrospective. Data such as birth weight, type of breastfeeding and duration of breastfeeding was collected. Participants also followed a food diary for a week. Anthropometric measurements and cardiovascular risk factors such as total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and blood pressure were assessed. Results: There were no significant difference between LBW group and NBW. In HBW group weight, BMI and lean mass were significantly (p< .05) higher than in NBW group. Body fat was significantly (p < .05) high among NBW compare to HBW. These results

Effect of Birth Weight and Mode of Feeding During Early Infancy on Clinical Indicators of Obesity and Lipid Profile in Adulthood

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of one or more joints resulting to disability. Age (above 50 years) and life style are the main risk factors. In this study, we evaluated the effects of the aqueous extracts of the roots and barks of Gossypium herbaceum (G. herbaceous) in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) induced rheumatoid arthritis in female wistar rats. 
Materials and Methods: In vitro anti-inflammatory tests were conducted through the inhibition of hemolysis and lipid peroxidation. An acute toxicity test of both extracts was done. 25 female Wistar rats were used.  RA was induced in 20 rats (4 groups) by injecting CFA into the sub plantar region of the right hind paw of each rat. On day 25 of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed, and the sera were prepared for the evaluation of some inflammatory and biochemical parameters. The paws were dissected and kept for histological analyzes. 
Results: The extracts revealed anti-inflammatory activities in vitro, with a higher activity observed from the roots. Both extracts restored body weight and significantly reduced edema compared to the negative control group. The histological analyzes of the RA group revealed the presence of white blood cells in the synovial fluid and cartilage destruction as compared to the groups receiving roots’ aqueous extract and methotrexate. Both extracts significantly restored the levels of some inflammatory and biochemical parameters. 
Conclusion: Anti-inflammatory and biochemical tests showed that the aqueous extracts of the roots and barks of G. herbaceous are potentially effective in the management of RA.

https://journaljocamr.com/index.php/JOCAMR/article/download/460/916

Anti-Arthritic Effect of the Aqueous Extracts of the Roots and Barks of Gossypium herbaceous in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant Induced Arthritis in Female Wistar Rats

Oben Julius

Papers

Effects of extracts of hypodaphnis zenkeri and xylopia aet hiopica on blood lipids, glycemia an d body wei ght of triton wr - 1339 and insulino resistant rats

Nutritional Status and Risk Factors of Malnutrition among 0-24 Months Old Children Living in Mezam Division, North West Region, Cameroon

Prevalence of insulin resistance in obese Cameroonian women

Effect of Birth Weight and Mode of Feeding During Early Infancy on Clinical Indicators of Obesity and Lipid Profile in Adulthood

Anti-Arthritic Effect of the Aqueous Extracts of the Roots and Barks of Gossypium herbaceous in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant Induced Arthritis in Female Wistar Rats