https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/247976.pdf

Modeling adult gliomas using RCAS/t-va technology

Glioblastoma multiforme is a central nervous system tumor of grade IV histological malignancy according to the WHO classification. Over 90% of diagnosed glioblastomas multiforme cases are primary gliomas, arising from normal glial cells through multistep oncogenesis. The remaining 10% are secondary gliomas originating from tumors of lower grade. These tumors expand distinctly more slowly. Although genetic alterations and deregulations of molecular pathways leading to both primary and secondary glioblastomas formation differ, morphologically they do not reveal any significant differences. Glioblastoma is a neoplasm that occurs spontaneously, although familial gliomas have also been noted. Caucasians, especially those living in industrial areas, have a higher incidence of glioblastoma. Cases of glioblastoma in infants and children are also reported. The participation of sex hormones and viruses in its oncogenesis was also suggested. Progression of glioblastoma multiforme is associated with deregulation of checkpoint G1/S of a cell cycle and occurrence of multiple genetic abnormalities of tumor cells. Metastases of glioblastoma multiforme are rarely described. Treatment of glioblastoma multiforme includes tumor resection, as well as radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Drugs inhibiting integrin signaling pathways and immunotherapy are also employed. Treatment modalities and prognosis depend on the tumor localization, degree of its malignancy, genetic profile, proliferation activity, patient's age and the Karnofsky performance scale score. Although the biology of glioblastoma multiforme has recently been widely investigated, the studies summarizing the knowledge of its development and treatment are still not sufficient in terms of comprehensive brain tumor analysis.

https://www.termedia.pl/Journal/-3/pdf-22235-10?filename=Glioblastoma multiforme.pdf

Glioblastoma multiforme – an overview

AIM: To review the literature on idiopathic sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis (SEP), also known as abdominal cocoon syndrome.

METHODS: The PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Google databases were searched using specific key words to identify articles related to idiopathic SEP. These key words were “sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis,” “idiopathic sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis,” “abdominal cocoon,” and “abdominal cocoon syndrome.” The search included letters to the editor, case reports, review articles, original articles, and meeting presentations published in the English-language literature from January 2000 to May 2014. Articles or abstracts containing adequate information about age, sex, symptom duration, initial diagnosis, radiological tools, and surgical approaches were included in the study. Papers with missing or inadequate data were excluded.

RESULTS: The literature search yielded 73 articles on idiopathic (primary) SEP published in 23 countries. The four countries that published the greatest number of articles were India (n = 21), Turkey (n = 14), China (n = 8) and Nigeria (n = 3). The four countries that reported the greatest number of cases were China (n = 104; 53.88%), India (n = 35; 18.13%), Turkey (n = 17; 8.80%) and Nigeria (n = 5; 2.59%). The present study included 193 patients. Data on age could be obtained for 184 patients (range: 7-87 years; mean ± SD, 34.7 ± 19.2 years), but were unavailable for nine patients. Of the 184 patients, 122 were male and 62 were female; sex data could not be accessed in the remaining nine patients. Of the 149 patients whose preoperative diagnosis information could be obtained, 65 (43.6%) underwent operations for abdominal cocoon, while the majority of the remaining patients underwent operations for a presumed diagnosis of intestinal obstruction and/or abdominal mass. Management information could be retrieved for 115 patients. Of these, 68 underwent excision + adhesiolysis (one laparoscopic); 24 underwent prophylactic appendectomy in addition to excision + adhesiolysis. Twenty patients underwent various resection and repair techniques along with excision + adhesiolysis. The remaining three patients were managed with antituberculosis therapy (n = 2) and immunosuppressive therapy (n = 1).

CONCLUSION: Idiopathic SEP is a rare disorder characterized by frequently recurring bouts of intestinal obstruction. Surgical therapy is the gold standard management strategy.

Accurate definition and management of idiopathic sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the clinical and cross-sectional imaging features of a variety of acute and chronic gallbladder inflammatory diseases.CONCLUSION. Inflammatory gallbladder diseases are a common source of abdominal pain and cause considerable morbidity and mortality. Although acute uncomplicated cholecystitis and chronic cholecystitis are frequently encountered, numerous other gallbladder inflammatory conditions may also occur that can be readily diagnosed by cross-sectional imaging.

https://www.ajronline.org/doi/pdfplus/10.2214/AJR.07.3803

Cross-sectional imaging of acute and chronic gallbladder inflammatory disease.

laboratory examinations (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and complete blood count) were otherwise normal. Sonography (Philips iU22 Ultrasound system with a L12-5 50 mm linear transducer) demonstrated a hypoechoic mass of the semitendinosus muscle, which had ill-defined margins. On axial and sagittal images (Fig. 1A,B), the semitendinosus muscle was infiltrated and enlarged. Muscle fibers were thickened, but their orientation was preserved. Doppler examination showed both central and peripheral hypervascularity of the muscle lesion. There was no extension to the adjacent hamstring muscles (biceps femoris or semimembranosus). MR imaging showed focal enlargement of the semitendinosus muscle, with normal signal intensity on T1-weighted images and homogeneous hyperintensity on STIR images. Homogeneous enhancement was observed after intravenous gadolinium administration (Fig. 1C). No other lesions were noted. Swelling and pain disappeared spontaneously within 2 weeks. A follow-up examination performed 4 weeks later showed complete resolution of MR abnormalities (Fig. 1D). The patient made a complete recovery. Long-term follow-up confirmed the final diagnosis of focal myositis. Focal myositis is a rare, benign, soft tissue pseudotumor, which was first described by Heffner et al. Isolated cases have been published, but only 1 study described MRI features in a series of 8 patients. The etiology is unknown. Focal myositis may affect both children and adults. Skeletal muscles of the lower extremities are typically involved, and the most commonly affected site is the thigh. Other locations have been reported. Steroids are commonly used for treatment, but the natural history is for disappearance without treatment. Several authors have described possible recurrence or evolution to polymyositis. The typical appearance on MR imaging is an isointense or slightly hypointense signal on T1-weighted unenhanced images with homogeneous contrast enhancement. Lesions are hyperintense on STIR sequences. MRI may occasionally show the persistence of muscle fiber orientation. The sonographic features of focal myositis have not been described previously. In our patient, sonography showed hypoechoic enlargement of the muscle. Ultrasound can more readily show the thickening of muscle fibers with persistence of fiber orientation better than any other imaging modality. In this patient, there was no history of trauma. Infectious myositis is another cause of myositis, but the clinical and laboratory features were not were not consistent with infection. Other inflammatory processes could be considered, such as proliferative fasciitis, but it was excluded due to the intramuscular location of the lesion. The only other pathology that we considered was polymyositis with focal onset. Because histology cannot differentiate between focal myositis and polymyositis with focal onset, muscle biopsy was not performed. Instead, follow-up examination showed disappearance of abnormalities, and was not consistent with proliferative myositis, polymyositis, or dermatomyositis. In conclusion, we report the sonographic features of focal myositis. In the evaluation of an intramuscular mass, the persistence of fiber orientation can be considered a valuable sign to suggest myositis and rule out a neoplasm. However, one should also consider other inflammatory processes in the differential diagnosis. Long-term follow-up is necessary given the possible evolution to polymyositis, dermatomyositis, or proliferative myositis.

Myasthenia gravis associated with ipilimumab and nivolumab in the treatment of small cell lung cancer.

Primary glioblastoma multiforme of cerebellar hemispheres in adults is a rare condition. Most of them result from dedifferentiation of astrocytoma to glioblastoma. We present two cases of unusual de novo cerebellar glioblastomas, one of which is the giant-cell variant. We review their clinical behaviour with conventional MR imaging features and discuss the key findings that can lead to the correct diagnosis in sight of new MR imaging technologies.

Primary cerebellar glioblastoma multiforme.

A 65-year-old woman with no relevant medical or surgical history presented to the orthopedic clinic with a 3-week history of a painful mass in her right arm that manifested 1 week after trauma. Physical examination revealed a firm palpable mass in the right biceps muscle, without overlying skin changes. She was afebrile. Laboratory studies did not reveal any abnormalities. Conventional radiography (images not shown) depicted a soft-tissue mass, without any soft-tissue calcification or skeletal abnormality. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed.

Case 118: Proliferative myositis.

A 38-year-old man presented to the emergency department with diffuse abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. The patient stated that he had experienced episodes of similar pain in the past 6-7 months and that the pain was intermittent and crampy. He had received antibiotics for treatment of gastroenteritis several times during this period. There was no weight loss. The patient did not have a history of prolonged drug use, abdominal disease, tuberculosis, or surgery. He was afebrile. Physical examination revealed abdominal distention and a soft, mobile, nontrnder fluctuating large mass occupying most of the abdomen. Bowel sonnds were hyperactive. Physical examination findings were otherwise unremarkable. At admittance, his rectal temperature was 97.7°F (36.3°C), his arterial blood pressure was 110/80 mm Hg, and his heart rate was 86 beats per minute. Laboratory findings revealed a normal serum electrolyte level and blood cell count. The patient subsequently underwent abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT).

Case 108: sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis.

A 32-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with headache, vomiting, and complex partial seizures. Thirty weeks earlier, he had undergone ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt placement to treat hydrocephalus that had been diagnosed with cranial magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Hydrocephalus was the only abnormality present. During the 30-week interval, two consecutive whole-spine MR examinations were performed 8 weeks apart at different institutions. Neurologic examination revealed mild decreased consciousness, papilledema, and deficits in cranial nerves III, IV, V, and VII. The patient was afebrile, and physical examination revealed no other abnormalities. The findings of laboratory tests, including extensive cerebrospinal fluid studies, were unremarkable. Cranial computed tomography (CT) was performed.

Case 134: primary leptomeningeal melanomatosis.

AIM Rheumatic heart disease is a common cause of valvular disease, especially in developing countries. Echocardiography is the gold standard investigation modality for cardiac valves. In rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS), three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3D TEE) provides better alignment of the image plane at the mitral tips and more accurate and reproducible planimetric measurement of mitral valve area (MVA). Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is a new method that provides evaluation of cardiac anatomy and function noninvasively. Previous studies showed strong correlation between planimetric MVA measured by two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography and CMR. We aimed to compare the planimetric MVAs assessed by 3D TEE and CMR in rheumatic MS patients. To best of our knowledge, this is the first study that compares 3D TEE and CMR for the assessment of the planimetric MVA in rheumatic MS. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated 28 rheumatic MS patients who underwent 3D TEE and ECG-gated CMR. 3D TEE planimetric MVAs were measured manually by multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) method and CMR planimetric MVAs were measured manually on short-axis cine images. Then, 3D TEE and CMR measurements were compared. RESULTS A total of 28 patients' (mean age 44 ± 12, 82.1% female) planimetric 3D TEE MVAs (1.00 ± 0.20 cm2 ) and CMR MVAs (1.04 ± 0.17 cm2 ) were found to be highly correlated (P < 0.0001, r: 0.744) with Pearson correlation analysis. Bland-Altman analysis showed strong agreement between two techniques. CONCLUSION For the diagnosis and the follow-up of rheumatic MS, planimetric CMR MVA is an alternative noninvasive method which highly correlates with planimetric 3D TEE MVA.

Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography vs cardiac magnetic resonance in the assessment of planimetric mitral valve area in rheumatic mitral stenosis.

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Papers

Primary cerebellar glioblastoma multiforme.

Case 118: Proliferative myositis.

Case 108: sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis.

Case 134: primary leptomeningeal melanomatosis.

Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography vs cardiac magnetic resonance in the assessment of planimetric mitral valve area in rheumatic mitral stenosis.