Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

This paper revises the response of freshwater ostracods to different environmental conditions and anthropogenic impacts, with a worldwide overview of the potential use of these microcrustaceans as bioindicators and several examples of applications in different scenarios. The development of either a single species or an ostracod assemblage is influenced by physical-chemical properties of waters (salinity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen), hydraulic conditions, bottom grain sizes or sedimentation rates. In addition to population and community changes, morphological and geochemical changes can also be detected in the ostracod carapace, which serves as a tracer of the water quality. All these features permit to delimit the spatial effects of urban sewages, mining effluents, agri- cultural wastes, watershed deforestation or road building. These data are the basis for the palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of cores, with an interesting application to archaeology. In addition, favourable results of recently developed bioassays, coupled with an important variability of local assemblages under changing conditions in both waters and sediments, suggest that these microcrustaceans may included between the most promising sentinels groups in freshwater areas. These microcrustaceans show high sensitivity to pesticides, herbicides, heavy metal pollution and oil inputs.

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Freshwater ostracods as environmental tracers

High Rate Algal Ponds (HRAPs) can provide economical and efficient near tertiary-level wastewater (WW) treatment, with the nutrients recovered as algal biomass. HRAP performance can be negatively affected by the establishment of zooplankton grazers that can consume much of the algal biomass within a few days. Zooplankton management is therefore essential for maintaining WW treatment performance and algal productivity. This paper reviews zooplankton ecology in WW systems and eutrophic environments, and potential methods for zooplankton control in HRAPs. Promising options for zooplankton control include physical methods such as filtration, hydrodynamic cavitation, shear, bead mills; chemical methods such as increase of HRAP night-time CO2 concentration, promotion of the lethal un-ionized ammonia toxicity, use of biocides, and the chitinase inhibitor chitosan; and biocontrol using competitor and predatory organisms. CO2 and phototactic induced migration are proposed to concentrate zooplankton in specific areas to reduce the amount of pond water requiring treatment. Based on this review, we suggest that it may be most beneficial to maintain zooplankton grazer populations at low levels as part of a stable community, rather than to totally eradicate them. This will prevent the ecological imbalance of total control that could result in the establishment of other zooplankton species that are less easy to control.

A review of potential methods for zooplankton control in wastewater treatment High Rate Algal Ponds and algal production raceways

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Distribution and Ecology

On the usage of ostracods (Crustacea) as bioindicator species in different aquatic habitats in the Bolu region, Turkey

Fourteen freshwater ostracod species collected from 24 springs in Nevada, Idaho, and Oregon between 1991 and 1994 were classified. Their ecology, based on major water parameters (i.e., temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity), and biogeographical distribution in North America were studied. Among these 14 species, 9 ( Ilyocypris bradyi , I. gibba , Darwinula stevensoni , Candona candida , Heterocypris incongruens , Herpetocypris reptans , H. chevreuxi , Prionocypris canadensis , P. longiforma ) are new records for Nevadas ostracod fauna, while 3 ( H. reptans , P. canadensis , and Cypria turneri ) are new species for Oregon. H. reptans , P. canadensis , and Heterocypris salina are also recorded as new for the ostracod literature of Idaho. Scottia pseudobrowniana , collected from Nevada, is a new ostracod species for the United States. The occurrence of 5 Holarctic species in the northern Great Basin area may suggest a possible historical relationship with the European ostracod fauna.

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Distribution and ecology of freshwater Ostracoda (Crustacea) collected from springs of Nevada, Idaho, and Oregon: a preliminary study

Freshwater ostracods are important for interpreting the water quality of aquatic habitats. However, using ostracods in this way requires knowledge of their ecology and habitat preferences, particularly because species may show different responses to different ecological conditions. I documented ecological requirements of five ostracod species and their distribution in ten similar-sized lakes and reservoirs in Bolu, Turkey. Five species (Darwinula stevensoni, Cypria ophthalmica, Cypridopsis vidua, Cyclocypris ovum, Fabaeformiscandona fabaeformis) were found from natural lakes, while no ostracods were encountered from reservoirs. A canonical correspondence analysis suggested that salinity, temperature, redox potential, and pH were the four most influential factors on the species habitat preference in these lakes. These results were also supported with unweighted pair group mean averages (UPGMA) that also showed ostracod preference for certain ecological conditions in these lakes was mostly species-...

Ecology of Freshwater Ostracoda (Crustacea) from Lakes and Reservoirs in Bolu, Turkey

Aquatic habitats are threatened by human activities in Turkey. These threats can lead to changes in ecological condi- tions and community composition of ostracod species. Overall, reduction in habitat quality may increase the number of tolerant (e.g., generalist) species in relation to the number of native (e.g., specialist) species. This phenomenon is called pseudorichness and is also characterized by a critical increase in the total numbers of colonial bacteria. A total of 16 ostracod species were encountered in Lake Abant (Bolu, Turkey) and its environs between 2001 and 2003. Two species (Psychrodromus fontinalis, Eucypris pigra) found outside the lake are new records for the region. About 80 % of the species in this area have a cosmopolitan distribution throughout the Holarctic region. Four major clustering groups (UPGMA) were recognized based on species occurrences and eco- logical preferences. Each species was distinctly tolerant to different ecological variables though cosmopolitan species tended to have wider tolerance ranges compared to sensitive species. About 82 % of the relationship between species and environmental var- iables was explained with Canonical Correspondence Analysis (P<0.05). Accordingly, temperature, dissolved oxygen and conduc- tivity of water were found to be the three most influential factors affecting species composition. Spearman correlation analysis showed a significant positive relationship (P<0.01) between the number of individuals and both dissolved oxygen and the number of species. Generally, to provide long-term conservation of the Lake Abant Nature Park, immediate attention is needed for the wastewater treatment, and help from international organizations.

Species assemblages and habitat preferences of Ostracoda (Crustacea) in Lake Abant (Bolu, Turkey)

During monthly sampling from Lake Aladag (Bolu, Turkey) between April 2003 and June 2004, nine ostracod taxa (Candona candida, Cypridopsis vidua, Darwinula stevensoni, Eucypris virens, Eucypris sp., Heterocypris sp., Limnocythere inopinata, Physocypria kraepelini, and Tonnacypris lutaria) were recorded from seven stations. Physocypria kraepelini was commonly found in the lake while the others were recorded in particular months. UPGMA analyses clustered three groups based on their occurrence. Accordingly, the occurrence of species (C. candida, E. virens, and T. lutaria) was positive and significantly related to each other. Two species, P. kraepelini and D. stevensoni, showed a significant positive relationship with electrical conductivity. A significant negative correlation was found between the occurrence of P. kraepelini and dissolved oxygen, while there was a significant positive correlation between the occurrence of P. kraepelini and turbidity. About 76% of the relationship between species and environmental factors was explained by the first two axes of canonical correspondence analyses (CCA). Temperature and dissolved oxygen were the two most important influences on the species assemblages. All species showed different but high optima and tolerance ranges, corresponding with their cosmopolitan characteristics. These responses may be related to unstable ecological characteristics of Lake Aladag, which is often subjected to human activity.

Okan Külköylüoğlu

Papers

On the usage of ostracods (Crustacea) as bioindicator species in different aquatic habitats in the Bolu region, Turkey

Distribution and ecology of freshwater Ostracoda (Crustacea) collected from springs of Nevada, Idaho, and Oregon: a preliminary study

Ecology of Freshwater Ostracoda (Crustacea) from Lakes and Reservoirs in Bolu, Turkey

Species assemblages and habitat preferences of Ostracoda (Crustacea) in Lake Abant (Bolu, Turkey)

Tolerance, optimum ranges, and ecological requirements of freshwater Ostracoda (Crustacea) in Lake Aladağ (Bolu, Turkey)