Aims and objectives To investigate the effects of education and counselling on anxiety and pain in women undergoing hysterosalpingography (HSG) as part of infertility treatment. Background The hysterosalpingography has an important diagnostic role in finding the cause of infertility and making a decision on management of treatment. In addition, it is considered a feared procedure in the infertility process and the one about which very little is known. Women often experience anxiety and pain during the HSG procedure. Design A randomised controlled trial. Methods The CONSORT guidelines have been used to describe the methods. Women who were diagnosed with infertility between February-October 2016 were included in the study. The participants were randomised and divided into intervention (52) and control (53) groups. The sociodemographic and obstetric data collection form, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and a visual analogue scale were used before the procedure. After the questionnaires were applied to the intervention group, individual learning and counselling sessions were given about the hysterosalpingography process. Brochures were also distributed to the patients for their reference after the learning session. The control group received standard care. Results When the intervention and control groups were compared, it was found that the education and counselling given before the HSG procedure significantly decreased the level of pain and anxiety felt by women. In addition, a significant positive correlation was found between pain and anxiety after the training in the intervention group. Conclusions This study indicates that the education and counselling given to women before the HSG procedure are effective interventions for reducing pain and anxiety in women undergoing HSG. Relevance to clinical practice With the application of HSG education and counselling, and the distribution of brochures to each patient, pain and anxiety can be reduced during the HSG procedure.

Effect of education and counselling on reducing pain and anxiety in women undergoing hysterosalpingography: A randomised controlled trial.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the site of clipping of the cervix on the degree of pain experienced by the women undergoing hysterosalpingography. One hundred and twenty women who met the inclusion criteria were recruited for the study. Strict sterile procedure for hysterosalpingography was carried out on all women and verbal detector scales were used to assess pain perception. Pearson's correlation analysis was carried out to assess the relationship between sites of clipping of the cervix with the degree of pain reported by the women. Tests were two-tailed with P<0.05 indicating statistical significance. Age correlated negatively but significantly (r=0.32, P=0.02) with pain. This suggests that younger women are more sensitive to pain than older women. None of the sites for clipping of the cervix correlated significantly with the pain experienced by the women.

Self-reported pains during hysterosalpingography

The objective was to determine the impact of demographic and psychosocial factors on hysterosalpingography pain and discomfort. One hundred hysterosalpingography referrals were recruited for this study. Verbal detector scales were used to assess pain perceptio and Likert scales were used to assess the psychosocial variables, while visual analogue scales were used to assess discomfort. Pearson's correlations were conducted. Tests were two-tailed with p<0.05 indicating statistical significance. Some of the patients (34%) indicated that administration of analgesics prior to the procedure could reduce the pain and discomfort associated with the procedure. Mean ± standard deviation of pain and discomfort were 2.82 ± 0.77 and 6.36± 2.19 respectively. Age significantly correlated with pain perception (r=-0.22, P<0.05), while pain correlated significantly with perception of discomfort (r=-0.46,P<0.05). Age significantly correlated with pain. This is a factor which could be harnessed for clinical use.

Hysterosalpingography pain and discomfort

Background: Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is an important diagnostic procedure in the investigation of infertility. It is the radiographic delineation of uterine and tubal cavities and is part of the diagnostic evaluation of conjugal infertility. This diagnostic procedure is associated with high levels of anxiety, pain and stress from various causes. This study was designed to investigate the impact of demographic and psychosocial factors on HSG pain and discomfort. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the impact of demographic and psychosocial factors on hysterosalpingography pain and discomfort. Method: One hundred hysterosalpingography referrals were recruited for this study. Verbal detector scales were used to assess pain perception, Likert scales were used to assess the psychosocial variables, while visual analogue scales were used to assess discomfort. Pearson’s correlations were conducted. Tests were two-tailed, with p < 0.05 indicating statistical signifcance. Results: Some of the patients (34%) indicated that the administration of analgesics prior to the procedure reduced the pain and discomfort associated with the procedure. Mean ± standard deviation of pain and discomfort were 2.82 ± 0.77 and 6.36 ± 2.19 respectively. Age correlated signifcantly with pain perception (r = -0.22, P < 0.05), while pain correlated signifcantly with perception of discomfort (r = -0.46, P < 0.05). Conclusion: Age signifcantly correlated with pain. This is a factor that could be harnessed for clinical use.

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Impact of demographic and psychosocial factors on hysterosalpingography pain and discomfort

This study investigated the cognitive behaviours of patients undergoing transvaginal sonography (TVS) and the impact of demographic factors on them. A total of 160 self-completion questionnaires were distributed in image diagnostics, Port Harcourt, River, State, Nigeria. The questionnaire included questions on patient demographics as well as ordinal scales for patients to rate perceptions of TVS on various cognitive indices. All the questionnaires were distributed and collected. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were done. Tests were two-tailed with P<0.05 indicating statistical significance results. A score of above 50% was recorded on all the indices. The least score was recorded for no fear of contagion scale. A significant difference was noted in patients' perception of explanation of procedure and waiting time prior to procedure between first and previous experience patients. Perception of comfort significantly correlated with age while perception of explanation significantly correlated wit...

Transvaginal sonography acceptance: a cognitive behavioural perspective

Background : Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is an important diagnostic procedure in the investigation of infertility. It is the radiographic delineation of uterine and tubal cavities and is part of the diagnostic evaluation of conjugal infertility. This diagnostic procedure is associated with high levels of anxiety, pain and stress from various causes. This study was designed to investigate the impact of demographic and psychosocial factors on HSG pain and discomfort.
Method : One hundred hysterosalpingography referrals were recruited for this study. Verbal detector scales were used to assess pain perception, Likert scales were used to assess the psychosocial variables, while visual analogue scales were used to assess discomfort. Pearson's correlations were conducted. Tests were two-tailed, with p < 0.05 indicating statistical significance.
Results : Some of the patients (34%) indicated that the administration of analgesics prior to the procedure reduced the pain and discomfort associated with the procedure. Mean ± standard deviation of pain and discomfort were 2.82 ± 0.77 and 6.36 ± 2.19 respectively. Age correlated significantly with pain perception (r = -0.22, P < 0.05), while pain correlated significantly with perception of discomfort (r = -0.46, P < 0.05).
Conclusion : Age significantly correlated with pain. This is a factor that could be harnessed for clinical use.

Okey F. Erondu

Papers

Hysterosalpingography pain and discomfort

Impact of demographic and psychosocial factors on hysterosalpingography pain and discomfort

Transvaginal sonography acceptance: a cognitive behavioural perspective

Impact of demographic and psychosocial factors on hysterosalpingography pain and discomfort : original research