https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1525/aa.1932.34.1.02a00310

National Research Council Research Am Fund

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Medicinal Plants And Traditional Medicine In Africa

Plant products as fumigants for stored-product insect control [Erratum: 2008, v. 44, issue 3, p. 304.]

Insect pests cause damage to stored grains and processed products by reducing their dry weight and nutritional value. The control of rice weevil infestations has been primarily through the use of fumigants and residual chemical insecticides to augment the more obvious approach of hygiene. Treatment of rice with synthetic insecticides is not recommended because of direct and indirect health hazards to humans. Recognition of such detrimental effects of synthetic insecticides has prompted the development of new alternatives as less obtrusive management strategies that must be ecologically safer with no residual and noxious effects on non-target animals. Plant based formulations are chiefly biodegradable and are recognized as better sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives of synthetic pesticides in food security as their activity may be due to synergistic effects of different active principles leading to different mode of action during their pesticidal action. Therefore, in the present study, the repellent activity and fumigant toxicity of plant oils viz., Aniseed, Camphor, Citronella, Eucalyptus, Geranium, Lavender, Lemon, Rosemary, Vetiver and Wintergreen were tested at concentrations of 10 and 50µL against the adults of Sitophilus oryzae in the laboratory. Results revealed varying degree of repellency by plant oils on the adults of Sitophilus oryzae. Among the plant oils tested, maximum repellency expressed as Excess Proportion Index (EPI) was recorded in camphor. The order of the repellency of plant oils at 10µL on 6 hours of exposure with EPI were Camphor (-0.90)  Wintergreen (-0.88)  Lavender (-0.70)  Citronella (-0.70)  Rosemary (-0.67)  Vetiver (-0.62)  Lemon (-0.57)  Eucalyptus (-0.55)  Geranium (-0.44)  Aniseed (-0.04) and at 50µL it was Camphor (-1.0) > Wintergreen (-0.89)  Citronella (-0.89)  Lemon (-0.89)  Lavender (-0.71)  Vetiver (-0.69)  Geranium (-0.65)  Rosemary (-0.57)  Eucalyptus (-0.52)  Aniseed (-0.50). For fumigant toxicity (expressed in terms of adult mortality), the selected plant oils were tested at 10 and 50µL concentrations for 24, 48 and 72 hours, and Lemon oil exhibited the highest activity and their respective LD50 values were 58.86, 44.90 and 40.38µL. Results of this study indicate that plant oils might be useful for managing coleopterous insects in storage especially Sitophilus oryzae on rice. Yet, further scrutiny is required to use plant oils as one of the component in IPM programmes which may reduce the application of synthetic chemicals.

https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/2017/vol5issue2/PartE/5-1-165-148.pdf

Repellent activity and fumigant toxicity of a few plant oils against the adult rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae Linnaeus 1763 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The control of storage insect pests is largely based on synthetic pesticides. However, due to fast growing resistance in the targeted insects, negative impact on humans and non-target organisms as well as the environment, there is an urgent need to search some safer alternatives of these xenobiotics. Many essential oils (EOs) and their bioactive compounds have received particular attention for application as botanical pesticides, since they exhibited high insecticidal efficacy, diverse mode of action, and favourable safety profiles on mammalian system as well as to the non-target organisms. Data collected from scientific articles show that these EOs and their bioactive compounds exhibited insecticidal activity via fumigant, contact, repellent, antifeedant, ovicidal, oviposition deterrent and larvicidal activity, and by inhibiting/altering important neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and octopamine or neurotransmitter inhibitor γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), as well as by altering the enzymatic [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidases (POx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR)] and non-enzymatic [glutathione (GSH)] antioxidant defence systems. However, in spite of promising pesticidal efficacy against storage pests, the practical application of EOs and their bioactive compounds in real food systems remain rather limited because of their high volatility, poor water solubility and susceptibility towards degradation. Nanoencapsulation/nanoemulsion of EOs is currently considered as a promising tool that improved water solubility, enhanced bio-efficacy, stability and controlled release, thereby expanding their applicability.

Essential oils and their bioactive compounds as eco-friendly novel green pesticides for management of storage insect pests: prospects and retrospects

Evaluation of protectant ability of Newbouldia laevis (Seem.) extracts against infestation by Callosobruchus maculatus in cowpea, Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp.) was carried out in the laboratory at ambient temperature of 28 ± 2 °C and 70 ± 5% relative humidity. Extracts from wood ash, leaf, stem and root bark were tested at different concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5%. One hundred per cent mortality of adult beetles was achieved at all concentrations within 72 h of treatment with extracts except in wood ash at 1% concentration, but they were significantly different (p < 0.05) from the controls. All the extracts were still able to cause high beetle mortality after one, two and three months of cowpea storage at high concentrations (4 and 5%) except wood ash, although there was a slight decrease in mortality during the period of storage. All the extracts significantly (p < 0.05) reduced oviposition and adult emergence of C. maculatus when compared with the controls although the reduction was higher at 5% c...

Protection of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp.) with Newbouldia laevis (Seem.) extracts against infestation by Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius)

A study was carried out to evaluate the insecticidal activity of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, Aristolochia ringens, Garcinia kola, Morinda lucida, Euphorbia hirta, Croton zambesicus, Colocasia esculenta, Ficus exasperata and Tetrapleura tetraptera on Sitophilus zeamais at ambient temperature of 28 ± 2 °C and 70 ± 5% relative humidity. The plants powder was applied at 5, 10 and 20% (wt/wt) of maize grain. Weevil mortality, adult emergence, percentage damage, percentage reduction and weevil perforation index were observed. The result obtained showed that only the powder of Z. zanthoxyloides and A. ringens effect mortality on the weevil as they both achieved more than 50% weevil mortality within 96 h of application. However, powder of Z. zanthoxyloides had the highest mortality effect on the weevil as it achieved 100% within 72 h at 5%(wt/wt) and its effect was significantly (p < 0.05) different from other powders. Also, powder of Z. zanthoxyloides, A. ringens and M. lucida showed a reduction capacity on the ...

Insecticidal activities of some medicinal plants against Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on stored maize

Powders and extracts of Azadirachta indica, Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, Anacardium occidentale and Moringa oleifera were assessed in the laboratory at ambient temperature of 28±2 o C and relative humidity of 75±5% for their insecticidal activity against Sitophilus oryzae, Oryzaephilus mercator and Ryzopertha dominica infesting paddy rice. The powders of these plants were tested against these insects at 0.4g, 0.6g, 0.8g and 1g/50g of paddy while the extracts were tested at 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% concentrations. Both the powders and extracts of these botanicals evoked a high mortality effect on the insects. Moreover, both the extracts and powders of A. indica and Z. zanthoxyloides showed greater insecticidal bustle than the powders and extracts of A. occidentale and M. oleifera as they both achieved 100% insect mortality within a short period after treatment. The extracts of these plants were also able to prevent the emergence of adult insects. S. oryzae and R. dominica were more affected with all the powders and extracts of these botanicals than O. mercator which was more vulnerable to the extracts and powders of Z. zanthoxyloides than other botanicals. Moreover, all the plants used showed a greater insecticidal effect and could be integrated into pest management system.

/pdf/entomocidal-activity-of-powders-and-extracts-of-four-3s3d737ugq.pdf

Entomocidal Activity of Powders and Extracts of Four Medicinal Plants against Sitophilus Oryzae ( L ) , Oryzaephilus Mercator ( Four ) and Ryzopertha Dominica ( Fabr. )

This study was conducted under laboratory conditions at temperature of 28±2 o C and relative humidity 75±5% to investigate the entomocidal flurry of Newbouldia laevis against Sitophilus oryzae and Sitophilus zeamais infesting maize grain in storage. The powders of stem and root of N. laevis were prepared at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5g dosages, while their extracts were prepared at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% concentrations. The control experiments were also set up. None of the powders of stem and root of this plant was able to achieve complete mortality of the two insects within 96h of application, except for the root powder which was able to achieve 100% mortality of S. oryzae at 0.5g dosage only. Only the root extract at 4% was able to achieve complete weevils mortality within 96h and its effect was significantly different (p<0.05) from the extracts of the stem except at 4 and 5% concentration of stem extract. The fiducial limits showed that a lower concentration of root extract was needed to cause 50% mortality in S. zeamais (0.00-1.64 %) when compared to the concentration needed for S. oryzae (0.10-1.72 %). Both the stem and root extracts of the plant were more effective than their powders. The powders and the extracts of this plant either reduced or prevented the emergence of adult weevils and inhibit the developmental period of the insects. The powders and the extracts of N. laevis also reduced or prevented the weight loss of the treated maize grains. Therefore, with the result obtained in this research, both the powder and extract of N. laevis root and stem could go a long way in the quest of providing alternative wherewithal to the use of chemical insecticides for protecting maize grain in storage. Root extract of N. laevis could, however, offer more protection against S. oryzae and S. zeamais infesting maize grain than its stem extracts.

/pdf/newbouldia-laevis-seem-as-an-entomocide-against-sitophilus-32ntorxtaa.pdf

Newbouldia laevis (Seem) as an Entomocide Against Sitophilus oryzae and Sitophilus zeamais Infesting Maize Grain

Callosobruchus maculatus is an important insect pest of cowpea. The inhibitory effects of oil extract of Acalypha wilkesiana (Muell Arg.) leaves on antioxidant, neurotransmitter, and detoxifying enzyme in adult Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) were evaluated under laboratory condition. The leaves of the plant were collected fresh and air-dried before the oil was extracted from them through cold extraction method while ethanol was used as solvent. Adult C. maculatus were exposed to 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 ml of 0.5% concentration of the oil extract and were homogenized separately. The supernatants gotten from them were used as enzyme sources. The activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, AChE, CarEST and GST were observed with photospectrometer. GC-MS analysis was done to evaluate the active compounds present in the oil extract. The activities of the enzymes increased at lower dosages of the oil extract (0.2 and 0.4 ml) and reduced drastically at higher dosages of the oil (0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 ml). However, AChE activity was more affected by the oil extract as it was almost inhibited by the oil extract. The GC-MS showed that 114 compounds were present in the oil extract of the plant while acetaldehyde had the highest percentage (46.07%) of the total compounds. Based on these findings, the oil extract of A. wilkesiana could be a good biopesticide for the control of adult C. maculatus instead of synthetic chemical insecticides.

/pdf/inhibitory-effects-of-oil-extract-of-green-acalypha-acalypha-1s6on7lyxe.pdf

Olaniyi Charles Ogungbite

Papers

Protection of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp.) with Newbouldia laevis (Seem.) extracts against infestation by Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius)

Insecticidal activities of some medicinal plants against Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on stored maize

Entomocidal Activity of Powders and Extracts of Four Medicinal Plants against Sitophilus Oryzae ( L ) , Oryzaephilus Mercator ( Four ) and Ryzopertha Dominica ( Fabr. )

Newbouldia laevis (Seem) as an Entomocide Against Sitophilus oryzae and Sitophilus zeamais Infesting Maize Grain

Inhibitory effects of oil extract of green Acalypha ( Acalypha wilkesiana ) on antioxidant and neurotransmitter enzymes in Callosobruchus maculatus