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admission. This proportion could already be greater in some parts of the country and may increase if referrals of cases of self-poisoning increase faster than the facilities for their assessment and management. The provision of social work and psychiatric expertise in casualty departments may be one means of preventing unnecessary medical admissions without risk to the patients. Dr Blake's and Dr Bramble's figures do not demonstrate, however, that any advantage would attach to medical teams taking over assessment from psychiatrists except that, by implication, assessments would be completed sooner by staff working on the ward full time. What the figures actually suggest is that if assessment of overdoses were left to house doctors there would be an increase in admissions to psychiatric units (by 19°U), outpatients (by 5O°'), and referrals to social services (by 140o). So for house doctors to assess overdoses would provide no economy for the psychiatric or social services. The study does not tell us what the consequences would have been for the six patients who the psychiatrists would have admitted but to whom the house doctors would have offered outpatient appointments. E J SALTER

Vitamin D deficiency.

Summary Background Since December, 2019, Wuhan, China, has experienced an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 have been reported but risk factors for mortality and a detailed clinical course of illness, including viral shedding, have not been well described. Methods In this retrospective, multicentre cohort study, we included all adult inpatients (≥18 years old) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from Jinyintan Hospital and Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital (Wuhan, China) who had been discharged or had died by Jan 31, 2020. Demographic, clinical, treatment, and laboratory data, including serial samples for viral RNA detection, were extracted from electronic medical records and compared between survivors and non-survivors. We used univariable and multivariable logistic regression methods to explore the risk factors associated with in-hospital death. Findings 191 patients (135 from Jinyintan Hospital and 56 from Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital) were included in this study, of whom 137 were discharged and 54 died in hospital. 91 (48%) patients had a comorbidity, with hypertension being the most common (58 [30%] patients), followed by diabetes (36 [19%] patients) and coronary heart disease (15 [8%] patients). Multivariable regression showed increasing odds of in-hospital death associated with older age (odds ratio 1·10, 95% CI 1·03–1·17, per year increase; p=0·0043), higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (5·65, 2·61–12·23; p Interpretation The potential risk factors of older age, high SOFA score, and d-dimer greater than 1 μg/mL could help clinicians to identify patients with poor prognosis at an early stage. Prolonged viral shedding provides the rationale for a strategy of isolation of infected patients and optimal antiviral interventions in the future. Funding Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences; National Science Grant for Distinguished Young Scholars; National Key Research and Development Program of China; The Beijing Science and Technology Project; and Major Projects of National Science and Technology on New Drug Creation and Development.

Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study

Part I: AN INTRODUCTION TO INQUIRY. 1. Human Inquiry and Science. 2. Paradigms, Theory, and Research. 3. The Ethics and Politics of Social Research. Part II: THE STRUCTURING OF INQUIRY: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE. 4. Research Design. 5. Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Measurement. 6. Indexes, Scales, and Typologies. 7. The Logic of Sampling. Part III: MODES OF OBSERVATION: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE. 8. Experiments. 9. Survey Research. 10. Qualitative Field Research. 11. Unobtrusive Research. 12. Evaluation Research. Part IV: ANALYSIS OF DATA:QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE . 13. Qualitative Data Analysis. 14. Quantitative Data Analysis. 15. Reading and Writing Social Research. Appendix A. Using the Library. Appendix B. Random Numbers. Appendix C. Distribution of Chi Square. Appendix D. Normal Curve Areas. Appendix E. Estimated Sampling Error.

社会研究方法基础 = The Basics of Social Research

List of Figures List of Tables Foreword Introduction Robin P. Fawcett, M.A.K. Halliday, Sydney M. Lamb and Adam Makkai 1 Language as Code and Language as Behaviour: A Systemic-Functional Interpretation of the Nature and Ontogenesis of Dialogue M.A.K. Halliday 2 Metaphors of Information John Regan 3 How Universal is a Localist Hypothesis? A Linguistic Contribution to the Study of 'Semantic Styles' of Language Yoshihiko Ikegami 4 Some Speculations on Language Contact in a Wider Setting Jeffrey Ellis 5 Ways of Saying: Ways of Meaning Ruqaiya Hasan Index

Language as social semiotic

Arbeitsunfälle, Berufskrankheiten und Erwerbsminderung bei Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund

The scope of immigrants' transnational ties and the relationship to their social position is subject to a controversial debate that suggests a dualistic picture. On the one hand, globalization theorists argue that an elite of highly educated and economically most successful professionals intensively engages in and benefits from transnationality. On the other hand, most scholars in migration and assimilation studies hold that it is the most underprivileged immigrants who maintain strong ties across state borders, which in turn furthers their marginalization. Yet, to date, very little systematic research has been conducted into the nexus between social inequalities and transnationality. This paper aims to fill this gap. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), we show that the economic, cultural and social forms of capital are related to transnationality in different ways, rather than reflecting one uniform pattern.

https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/145292/1/Fauser_2015_Measuring-Transnationality-Immigrants.pdf

Measuring transnationality of immigrants in Germany: prevalence and relationship with social inequalities

Migration und rehabilitative Versorgung in Deutschland - Versorgungsbedarf und subjektive Bedürfnisse türkischer und türkischstämmiger Migranten im System der medizinischen Rehabilitation

The planks measure about 5 feet (1.5 m) in length. They were once painted in dark and light blue and in red colours. Now the paint has chipped off, the wood is splintered; the nails are loose and rusty. The planks belonged to what must have been a small fishing vessel. They were washed ashore in Sicily. It will probably never be known how many people perished when the boat sank, but it is likely that it was overcrowded with men, women and children of all ages, attempting to reach Europe from North Africa.... More than 1600 refugees drowned in the Mediterranean between January and April 2015, according to UNHCR estimates (UNHCR 2015). It is far easier to decry this disgrace than to offer realistic solutions. Integrating refugees into EU societies poses great challenges. Some of those arriving fled from war and terror, others from economic distress and hopelessness. Some have decent education and marketable skills; others never had the chance to acquire these. Some are active and healthy, others deeply traumatised. But we must meet this challenge.... Language: en

/pdf/disgrace-at-eu-s-external-borders-23rk6v5wcy.pdf

Disgrace at EU's external borders

Ziel der Studie Zurzeit wird in Deutschland keine Statistik daruber gefuhrt, wie viele Personen mit einer zeitlich befristeten Erwerbsminderungsrente (EM-Rente) ein Return to Work (RTW) realisieren. Ziel dieser Studie ist es zu prufen, wie viele Personen, die 2006 zum ersten Mal eine zeitlich befristete EM-Rente erhalten haben, ein RTW erreichten und welche soziodemografischen, gesundheitlichen und beruflichen Merkmale diese Personen aufweisen. Methodik Der Scientific Use File „Abgeschlossene Rehabilitation 2006–2013 im Versicherungsverlauf“ des Forschungsdatenzentrums der Deutschen Rentenversicherung wurde ausgewertet. Als RTW wurde gewertet, wenn eine Person nach Berentung in einem der 7 Folgejahre an 183–365 Tagen mindestens einer Halbtagsbeschaftigung nachging und dafur wenigstens 8,50 Euro/Stunde erhielt. Die Entwicklungen der Kohorte wurden deskriptiv ausgewertet. Der Zusammenhang von soziodemografischen, gesundheitlichen und beruflichen Merkmalen der Personen und dem RTW wurde durch Cox-Regressionen ermittelt. Ergebnisse Von der Ausgangskohorte (N=9.789) erreichten in dem Beobachtungszeitraum 5,9% ein RTW. Von diesen erreichten ca. 25% ein RTW in jedem Folgejahr. Im Beobachtungszeitraum verstarben 10,6%, 9,1% gingen in Altersrente und 1,4% erhielten eine unbefristete EM-Rente. Die Regressionsanalyse zeigt, dass soziodemografische, gesundheitliche und berufliche Merkmale der EM-Rentner/innen in signifikantem Zusammenhang mit einem RTW stehen: EM-Rentner/innen im Alter von 18–39 Jahren, mit einer somatischen Rentenbewilligungsdiagnose, einer medizinischen Rehabilitation oder einer Erwerbstatigkeit vor der EM-Rente haben die hochste Wahrscheinlichkeit auf ein RTW. Schlussfolgerung Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass nur wenige Personen ein RTW aus der EM-Rente erreichen. Es konnte einerseits geschlussfolgert werden, dass die Kriterien fur eine zeitliche Befristung von EM-Renten gescharft werden sollten, um dadurch z. B. den Arbeitsaufwand fur Wiederbegutachtungen zu verringern. Andererseits konnte auch ein deutlicher Unterstutzungsbedarf der EM-Rentner/innen bei der Realisierung eines RTW und ein dafur notwendiger Forschungsbedarf postuliert werden.

Oliver Razum

Papers

Arbeitsunfälle, Berufskrankheiten und Erwerbsminderung bei Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund

Measuring transnationality of immigrants in Germany: prevalence and relationship with social inequalities

Migration und rehabilitative Versorgung in Deutschland - Versorgungsbedarf und subjektive Bedürfnisse türkischer und türkischstämmiger Migranten im System der medizinischen Rehabilitation

Disgrace at EU's external borders

Return to Work after Temporary Disability Pension