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admission. This proportion could already be greater in some parts of the country and may increase if referrals of cases of self-poisoning increase faster than the facilities for their assessment and management. The provision of social work and psychiatric expertise in casualty departments may be one means of preventing unnecessary medical admissions without risk to the patients. Dr Blake's and Dr Bramble's figures do not demonstrate, however, that any advantage would attach to medical teams taking over assessment from psychiatrists except that, by implication, assessments would be completed sooner by staff working on the ward full time. What the figures actually suggest is that if assessment of overdoses were left to house doctors there would be an increase in admissions to psychiatric units (by 19°U), outpatients (by 5O°'), and referrals to social services (by 140o). So for house doctors to assess overdoses would provide no economy for the psychiatric or social services. The study does not tell us what the consequences would have been for the six patients who the psychiatrists would have admitted but to whom the house doctors would have offered outpatient appointments. E J SALTER

Vitamin D deficiency.

Summary Background Since December, 2019, Wuhan, China, has experienced an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 have been reported but risk factors for mortality and a detailed clinical course of illness, including viral shedding, have not been well described. Methods In this retrospective, multicentre cohort study, we included all adult inpatients (≥18 years old) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from Jinyintan Hospital and Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital (Wuhan, China) who had been discharged or had died by Jan 31, 2020. Demographic, clinical, treatment, and laboratory data, including serial samples for viral RNA detection, were extracted from electronic medical records and compared between survivors and non-survivors. We used univariable and multivariable logistic regression methods to explore the risk factors associated with in-hospital death. Findings 191 patients (135 from Jinyintan Hospital and 56 from Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital) were included in this study, of whom 137 were discharged and 54 died in hospital. 91 (48%) patients had a comorbidity, with hypertension being the most common (58 [30%] patients), followed by diabetes (36 [19%] patients) and coronary heart disease (15 [8%] patients). Multivariable regression showed increasing odds of in-hospital death associated with older age (odds ratio 1·10, 95% CI 1·03–1·17, per year increase; p=0·0043), higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (5·65, 2·61–12·23; p Interpretation The potential risk factors of older age, high SOFA score, and d-dimer greater than 1 μg/mL could help clinicians to identify patients with poor prognosis at an early stage. Prolonged viral shedding provides the rationale for a strategy of isolation of infected patients and optimal antiviral interventions in the future. Funding Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences; National Science Grant for Distinguished Young Scholars; National Key Research and Development Program of China; The Beijing Science and Technology Project; and Major Projects of National Science and Technology on New Drug Creation and Development.

Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study

Part I: AN INTRODUCTION TO INQUIRY. 1. Human Inquiry and Science. 2. Paradigms, Theory, and Research. 3. The Ethics and Politics of Social Research. Part II: THE STRUCTURING OF INQUIRY: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE. 4. Research Design. 5. Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Measurement. 6. Indexes, Scales, and Typologies. 7. The Logic of Sampling. Part III: MODES OF OBSERVATION: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE. 8. Experiments. 9. Survey Research. 10. Qualitative Field Research. 11. Unobtrusive Research. 12. Evaluation Research. Part IV: ANALYSIS OF DATA:QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE . 13. Qualitative Data Analysis. 14. Quantitative Data Analysis. 15. Reading and Writing Social Research. Appendix A. Using the Library. Appendix B. Random Numbers. Appendix C. Distribution of Chi Square. Appendix D. Normal Curve Areas. Appendix E. Estimated Sampling Error.

社会研究方法基础 = The Basics of Social Research

List of Figures List of Tables Foreword Introduction Robin P. Fawcett, M.A.K. Halliday, Sydney M. Lamb and Adam Makkai 1 Language as Code and Language as Behaviour: A Systemic-Functional Interpretation of the Nature and Ontogenesis of Dialogue M.A.K. Halliday 2 Metaphors of Information John Regan 3 How Universal is a Localist Hypothesis? A Linguistic Contribution to the Study of 'Semantic Styles' of Language Yoshihiko Ikegami 4 Some Speculations on Language Contact in a Wider Setting Jeffrey Ellis 5 Ways of Saying: Ways of Meaning Ruqaiya Hasan Index

Language as social semiotic

Technical Report: "Pilot project for the panel study" Project C1: "Transnationality and inequality"

The theoretical perspective in medical sociology continues with the discussion of the interpretive paradigm, a microsociological approach in the study of health In this first part, a number of microsociological substantive models from social psychology and sociocultural research are presented After the examination of the basic features and methodological implications of the interpretive perspective, Max Weber’s classical theories are presented, including Weberian social action theory (this is an application of classical sociological theory of social action to explain care and support) and Weber’s Bureaucratic Rationality (this also represents the application of classical theory of Weber to the explanation of organisation of health care) Other substantive theories presented include the health belief model (HBM), a model developed from social psychology to explain health-related behaviours; theory of planned behaviour (TPB), a theory also developed from social psychology to predict behaviour in general, but is now consistently used for health-related behaviours; Suchman’s stages of illness behaviour, a microsociological approach of illness behaviour built on the sick role model; and Andersen’s model of health services utilisation, which includes a number of macro issues influencing health services utilisation

The Interpretive Perspective in Medical Sociology: Part I

SARS‐CoV‐2 in Aufnahmeeinrichtungen und Gemeinschaftsunterkünften für Geflüchtete : Epidemiologische und normativ‐rechtliche Aspekte

Verbesserung der häuslichen Pflege von türkischen Migranten in Deutschland.

Public health researchers in Germany increasingly acknowledge refugees’ and other migrants’ right to access healthcare. In their decisions regarding the definition of population sub-groups, however, researchers face a dilemma. On the one hand, they need to differentiate between groups for thorough analysis of access barriers in order to identify and challenge health inequalities. On the other hand, they recognise that categories are constructed and may replicate discourses of “othering”, or a separation between “us” and “them”. This chapter firstly summarises Germany’s history of migration to describe the research field. Then it discusses the difficulties of categorising population sub-groups to research the health of migrants and refugees and their access to healthcare, while running the risk of “categorical fetishism”. To overcome this dilemma, three strategies are proposed: (1) caution toward politically defined categories through continuous reflection on constructs, variables and methods, taking the position of a “moral third”; (2) considering a life course approach to migrant health to account for the heterogeneity of life courses among migrants; (3) collecting and using data that allow for a detailed and not purely political differentiation between migrants and non-migrants as well as within the group of migrants.

Oliver Razum

Papers

Technical Report: "Pilot project for the panel study" Project C1: "Transnationality and inequality"

The Interpretive Perspective in Medical Sociology: Part I

SARS‐CoV‐2 in Aufnahmeeinrichtungen und Gemeinschaftsunterkünften für Geflüchtete : Epidemiologische und normativ‐rechtliche Aspekte

Verbesserung der häuslichen Pflege von türkischen Migranten in Deutschland.

Migrants, Refugees, Asylum Seekers: Use and Misuse of Labels in Public Health Research