Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Fourier transform Raman (FT-Raman) methods were used for rapid characterization and classification of selected irradiated starch samples. Biochemical changes due to irradiation were detected using the two vibrational spectroscopic techniques, and canonical variate analysis (CVA) was applied to the spectral data for discriminating starch samples based on the extent of irradiation. The O−H (3000−3600 cm-1) stretch, C−H (2800−3000 cm-1) stretch, the skeletal mode vibration of the glycosidic linkage (900−950 cm-1) in both Raman and infrared spectra, and the infrared band of water adsorbed in the amorphous parts of starches (1550−1750 cm-1) were employed in classification analysis of irradiated starches. Spectral data related to water adsorbed in the noncrystalline regions of starches provided a better classification of irradiated starches with 5 partial least-squares (PLS) factors in the multivariate model. Keywords: Starch irradiation; FT-Raman spectroscopy; FTIR spectro...

Characterization of irradiated starches by using FT-Raman and FTIR spectroscopy.

Elastic modulus and stress-transfer properties of tunicate cellulose whiskers.

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used to characterize the interaction of stabilizing carbohydrates with dried proteins. Freeze-drying of trehalose, lactose, and myo-inositol with lysozyme resulted in substantial alterations of the infrared spectra of the dried carbohydrates. In the fingerprint region (900-1500 cm-1), there were large shifts in the frequencies of bands, a decrease in absorbance, and a loss of band splitting. These effects mimic those of water on hydrated trehalose. Bands assigned to hydroxyl stretching modes (around 3350 cm-1) were decreased in intensity and shifted to higher frequencies in the presence of the protein. In complementary experiments, it was found that dehydration-induced shifts in the positions of amide I and amide II bands for lysozyme could be partially and fully reversed, respectively, when the protein was freeze-dried in the presence of either trehalose or lactose. In addition, the carboxylate band, which was not detectable in the protein dried without the sugar, was apparent when these sugars were present. myo-Inositol was less effective at shifting the amide bands, and the carboxylate band was not detected in the presence of this carbohydrate. Also tested was the concentration dependency of the carbohydrates' influence on the position of the amide II band for dried lysozyme. The results showed that the ability of a given concentration of a carbohydrate to shift this band back toward the position noted with the hydrated protein coincided, at least in the extreme cases, with the capacity of that same level of carbohydrate to preserve the activity of rabbit skeletal muscle phosphofructokinase during freeze-drying.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

An infrared spectroscopic study of the interactions of carbohydrates with dried proteins.

This Review gives an overview of precursor systems, their processing, and the final precursor-dependent structure of carbon fibers (CFs) including new developments in precursor systems for low-cost CFs. The following CF precursor systems are discussed: poly(acrylonitrile)-based copolymers, pitch, cellulose, lignin, poly(ethylene), and new synthetic polymeric precursors for high-end CFs. In addition, structure-property relationships and the different models for describing both the structure and morphology of CFs will be presented.

Carbon Fibers: Precursor Systems, Processing, Structure, and Properties

Theory of Raman scattering evolution and revolution of Raman instrumentation - application of available technologies to spectroscopy and microscopy Raman spectroscopy and its adaptation to the industrial environment Raman microscopy - confocal and scanning near-field Raman imaging the quest for accuracy in Raman spectra chemometrics for Raman spectroscopy Raman spectra of gases Raman spectroscopy applied to crystals - phenomena and principles, concepts and conventions Raman scattering of glass Raman spectroscopic applications to gemmology Raman spectroscopy on II-IV-semiconductor nanostructures medical applications of Raman spectroscopy - in vivo Raman spectroscopy some pharmaceutical applications of Raman spectroscopy low-frequency Raman spectroscopy and biomolecular dynamics - a comparison between different low-frequency experimental techniques collectivity of vibrational modes Raman spectroscopic studies of ion-ion interactions in aqueous and non-aqueous electrolyte solutions environmental applications of Raman spectroscopy to aqueous solutions Raman and surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering - applications in forensic science application of Raman spectroscopy to organic fibres and films applications of IR and Raman spectra of quasi-elemental carbon process Raman spectroscopy the use of Raman spectroscopy to monitor the quality of carbon overcoats in the disk drive industry Raman spectroscopy in the undergraduate teaching laboratory Raman spectroscopy in the characterization of archaeological materials.

Handbook of Raman Spectroscopy: From the Research Laboratory to the Process Line

Infrared and raman spectroscopy of carbohydrates. : Part II: Normal coordinate analysis of α-D-glucose.

Infrared and raman spectroscopy of carbohydrates : Part I: Identification of OH and CH-related vibrational modes for D-glucose, maltose, cellobiose, and dextran by deuterium-substitution methods

Comparison of the laser‐Raman spectra with the polarized infrared spectra of native cellulose from the cell walls of the algae Valonia ventricosa has allowed greater confidence to be placed on the vibrational assignments than was possible previously from infrared data alone. The major details of the chain conformation and packing are already known from x‐ray and electron diffraction studies, but the relative chain polarities and the nature of the intra‐ and intermolecular hydrogen bonding remain unknown. The present work indicates that only one rotational conformation is present for the −CH2OH side chains, which reduces considerably the number of structural possibilities.

P.D. Vasko

Papers

Infrared and raman spectroscopy of carbohydrates. : Part II: Normal coordinate analysis of α-D-glucose.

Infrared and raman spectroscopy of carbohydrates : Part I: Identification of OH and CH-related vibrational modes for D-glucose, maltose, cellobiose, and dextran by deuterium-substitution methods

Infrared and Raman Spectra of the Cellulose from the Cell Wall of Valonia ventricosa