Nuclear DNA Amounts in Angiosperms and their Modern Uses—807 New Estimates

Monocot genomic diversity includes striking variation at many levels. This paper compares various genomic characters (e.g., range of chromosome numbers and ploidy levels, occurrence of endopolyploidy, GC content, chromosome packaging and organization, genome size) between monocots and the remaining angiosperms to discern just how distinctive monocot genomes are. One of the most notable features of monocots is their wide range and diversity of genome sizes, including the species with the largest genome so far reported in plants. This genomic character is analysed in greater detail, within a phylogenetic context. By surveying available genome size and chromosome data it is apparent that different monocot orders follow distinctive modes of genome size and chromosome evolution. Further insights into genome size-evolution and dynamics were obtained using statistical modelling approaches to reconstruct the ancestral genome size at key nodes across the monocot phylogenetic tree. Such approaches reveal that while the ancestral genome size of all monocots was small (1C=1.9 pg), there have been several major increases and decreases during monocot evolution. In addition, notable increases in the rates of genome size-evolution were found in Asparagales and Poales compared with other monocot lineages.

/pdf/genome-size-dynamics-and-evolution-in-monocots-43kzwtxmgj.pdf

Genome Size Dynamics and Evolution in Monocots

Phytotoxicity of Pb: II. Changes in Chlorophyll Absorption Spectrum due to Toxic Metal Pb Stress on Phaseolus mungo and Lens culinaris

Species of Zingiberaceae display a diversity in habitat, ethnobotanical use and morphology. However, little is known about the genetic relationships among taxa and genetic diversity, primarily due to the lack of suitable molecular markers. We tested the cross-amplification potential of microsatellite markers among taxa to identify a larger number of genetic markers. To assess the applicability of rice microsatellite markers to the Zingiberaceae, we tested 12 microsatellite markers for 14 genotypes from three genera of this family: Zingiber, Alpinia and Curcuma. The origin of the genotypes was diverse, covering eight Asian countries. Four microsatellite primer sets failed to amplify fragments in all genotypes studied, whereas the other primer sets amplified all the genotypes. Among the 141 bands, that could be scored, 140 (99.5%) were polymorphic. On the average, each microsatellite primer set amplified 17.6 DNA fragments. In general, amplified fragments were larger than the original rice fragments including the microsatellite region, although in some cases, the amplified bands were similar in size. Though sequence analysis of these bands confirmed the absence of target repeat motif, amplification of a large number of polymorphic bands provided the basis to perform an analysis of genetic diversity. Primers could generate enough polymorphism for possible use in diversity studies, based on provisional multivariate analyses such as cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). The whole set of genotypes based on molecular data was classified into four clusters after cluster analysis. Genotypes from the Curcuma and Alpinia genera were grouped into clusters I and II, respectively. Clusters III and IV comprised genotypes from the genus Zingiber. PCA led to a similar classification. The high polymorphism documented in the present study indicated that the rice microsatellite primers were useful for genetic diversity studies among genera in the family Zingiberaceae.

Use of Rice SSR Markers as RAPD Markers for Genetic Diversity Analysis in Zingiberaceae

Molecular phylogeny of Heritiera Aiton (Sterculiaceae), a tree mangrove: variations in RAPD markers and nuclear DNA content

Extensive karyotype analysis including determination of somatic chromosome number, total chromosome length and volume and estimation of 4C DNA amount were carried out on 9 different cultivars of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rose.) for the first time. A significant variation in nuclear DNA amount was recorded at the cultivar level. The 4C DNA amount varied from 19.663-24.102 pg in the cultivars studied. The correlation coefficient studies showed that the 4C DNA content and genomic chromosome volume were interdependent. The structural alteration of chromosomes as well as loss or addition of highly repetitive sequences in the genome showed variation in the DNA amount at cultivar level, but a marginal variation in nuclear DNA content at the cultivar level indicated a close relationship between them.

/pdf/estimation-of-4c-dna-and-karyotype-analysis-in-ginger-1yed20fmes.pdf

Estimation of 4C DNA and Karyotype Analysis in Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) -I

Chlorophyll a, b, a:b, carotenoid, carbohydrates, sugar, protein, and polyphenol content were estimated and their association with rhizome yield compared in 10 cultivars of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rose). The analyses indicated significant differences amongst the cultivars for all the studied parameters. The highest fresh rhizome yield (462.6 g/plant) was recorded in ‘Gorubathaney’ and the lowest (234.5 g/plant) in ‘Suprava’. Higher rhizome yields were highly associated with grater chlorophyll a and carbohydrate (r = 0.52 and 0.60 respectively) and lower polyphenol (r = ‐0.15) levels in the leaf. The protein content in the leaves of ginger showed significant correlation with carbohydrates and chlorophyll a:b ratio (r = 0.55 and r = 0.76 respectively). The chlorophyll a:b ratio also showed highly positive correlation with carbohydrate content (r = 0.92) of leaf. However, polyphenols showed a significant positive correlation with chlorophyll b and carotenoids and carotenoids with chlorophyll a a...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01140671.1999.9514083

Variations in chlorophylls, carotenoids, protein, and secondary metabolites amongst ginger (Zingiber officinale Rose.) cultivars and their association with rhizome yield

P. Das

Papers

Estimation of 4C DNA and Karyotype Analysis in Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) -I

Variations in chlorophylls, carotenoids, protein, and secondary metabolites amongst ginger (Zingiber officinale Rose.) cultivars and their association with rhizome yield