Zika Virus Infection during Pregnancy in Mice Causes Placental Damage and Fetal Demise.

Acute chorioamnionitis and funisitis: definition, pathologic features, and clinical significance.

Objectives
The range and use of ultrasound fetal measurements have gradually been extended. Measurements have been combined to estimate fetal weight by mathematically based non-linear regression analysis or physically based volumetric methods. Fetal weight estimation is inaccurate, with poor sensitivity for prediction of fetal compromise. Several authors have shown the unacceptable level of intra- and interobserver variability in fetal measurement and the impact of errors on growth assessment. The aims of this study were to review the available methods and possible sources of inaccuracy.

Methods
Four databases were searched for studies comparing ultrasound estimated fetal weight (EFW) with birth weight. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria evaluated 11 different methods. Errors were graphically summarized.

Results
No consistently superior method has emerged. Volumetric methods provide some theoretical advantages. Random errors are large and must be reduced if clinical errors are to be avoided.

Conclusions
The accuracy of EFW is compromised by large intra- and interobserver variability. Efforts must be made to minimize this variability if EFW is to be clinically useful. This may be achieved through averaging of multiple measurements, improvements in image quality, uniform calibration of equipment, careful design and refinement of measurement methods, acknowledgment that there is a long learning curve, and regular audit of measurement quality. Further work to improve the universal validity and accuracy of fetal weight estimation formulae is also required. Copyright © 2004 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/uog.1751

A systematic review of the ultrasound estimation of fetal weight

https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/erj/early/2013/03/07/09031936.00148212.full.pdf

The Generation R Study.

Copyright © 2009 Massachusetts Medical Society. A healthy 29-year-old woman who has been trying to conceive presents with vaginal spotting for the past 5 days and intermittent crampy abdominal pain in her left lower quadrant for the past 3 days. Although she normally has regular menstrual cycles, her last menstrual period was 6 weeks and 2 days before presentation. She has had a spontaneous vaginal delivery and an anembryonic gestation treated by dilation and curettage. How should this patient be evaluated and treated?

Clinical practice. Ectopic pregnancy.

Ultrasound cystourethrography by perineal scanning for the assessment of female stress urinary incontinence.

Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy: value of the discriminatory human chorionic gonadotropin zone.

Fetal growth and nutrition were evaluated using measurements of the subcutaneous tissues of the arm and leg to calculate limb volume. Arm measurements included transverse and anteroposterior arm thicknesses and subcutaneous tissue thickness; leg measurements included lengths and thicknesses of the humerus and femur, transverse and anteroposterior thigh thickness, and thigh subcutaneous tissue thickness. Volumes were calculated using equations with both circular and elliptical perimeters. Limb volume was found to be strongly correlated with gestational age, and may be a possible predictive factor of intrauterine growth retardation.

P Jeanty

Papers

Ultrasound cystourethrography by perineal scanning for the assessment of female stress urinary incontinence.

Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy: value of the discriminatory human chorionic gonadotropin zone.

Fetal limb volume: a new parameter to assess fetal growth and nutrition.

The value of adnexal sonographic findings in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy.

Value of culdocentesis in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy.