The literature treating mechanisms of catalyst deactivation is reviewed. Intrinsic mechanisms of catalyst deactivation are many; nevertheless, they can be classified into six distinct types: (i) poisoning, (ii) fouling, (iii) thermal degradation, (iv) vapor compound formation accompanied by transport, (v) vapor-solid and/or solid-solid reactions, and (vi) attrition/crushing. As (i), (iv), and (v) are chemical in nature and (ii) and (v) are mechanical, the causes of deactivation are basically three-fold: chemical, mechanical and thermal. Each of these six mechanisms is defined and its features are illustrated by data and examples from the literature. The status of knowledge and needs for further work are also summarized for each type of deactivation mechanism. The development during the past two decades of more sophisticated surface spectroscopies and powerful computer technologies provides opportunities for obtaining substantially better understanding of deactivation mechanisms and building this understanding into comprehensive mathematical models that will enable more effective design and optimization of processes involving deactivating catalysts. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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Mechanisms of catalyst deactivation

https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000050288/18451059

Renewable Power-to-Gas: A technological and economic review

Deactivation of heterogeneous catalysts is a ubiquitous problem that causes loss of catalytic rate with time. This review on deactivation and regeneration of heterogeneous catalysts classifies deactivation by type (chemical, thermal, and mechanical) and by mechanism (poisoning, fouling, thermal degradation, vapor formation, vapor-solid and solid-solid reactions, and attrition/crushing). The key features and considerations for each of these deactivation types is reviewed in detail with reference to the latest literature reports in these areas. Two case studies on the deactivation mechanisms of catalysts used for cobalt Fischer-Tropsch and selective catalytic reduction are considered to provide additional depth in the topics of sintering, coking, poisoning, and fouling. Regeneration considerations and options are also briefly discussed for each deactivation mechanism.

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Heterogeneous Catalyst Deactivation and Regeneration: A Review

/pdf/surface-chemistry-of-catalysis-by-gold-37hj5cal3q.pdf

Surface chemistry of catalysis by gold

Physical and chemical properties of bimetallic surfaces

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the sulfur poisoning of metals. Sulfur apparently bonds so strongly to metal surfaces that marked activity reduction occurs at extremely low gas-phase concentrations of sulfur-containing compounds. In commercial practice, the life of supported metal catalysts may be reduced to only a few months or weeks in the presence of only ppm quantities of sulfur contaminants in the feed. Because of the essentially irreversible adsorption of sulfur compounds on metals, regeneration is usually impossible or impractical. This chapter integrates available information on the interaction of sulfur with metal surfaces with that of poisoning studies to provide a more complete picture of sulfur poisoning and of the mechanism. The chapter stresses the importance of experimental techniques that provide definitive, fundamental information regarding sulfur adsorption and poisoning.

P.K. Agrawal

Papers

Sulfur Poisoning of Metals