typically written from a biophysicist’s or a molecular plant physiologist’s point of view (Horton and Bowyer, Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis has become one of 1990; Krause and Weis, 1991; Govindjee, 1995). The aim the most powerful and widely used techniques avail- of this review is to provide a simple, practical guide to able to plant physiologists and ecophysiologists. This chlorophyll fluorescence for those beginners who are review aims to provide an introduction for the novice interested in applying the technique in both field and into the methodology and applications of chlorophyll laboratory situations. Whilst the principles behind the fluorescence. After a brief introduction into the theor- measurements will be discussed briefly, the emphasis will etical background of the technique, the methodology be on the applications and limitations of this technique and some of the technical pitfalls that can be encoun- in plant ecophysiology. tered are explained. A selection of examples is then used to illustrate the types of information that fluorescence can provide. The basis of chlorophyll fluorescence measurements

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Chlorophyll fluorescence—a practical guide

Pectin structure and biosynthesis

Extraction and analysis of phenolics in food

Starch-composition, fine structure and architecture

Representative condensed and hydrolyzable tannins and related simple phenolics were evaluated as biological antioxidants using cyclic voltammetry, the metmyoglobin assay, and the deoxyribose assay. The redox potentials of the tannins were similar to those of structurally related simple phenolics. However, the tannins were 15-30 times more effective at quenching peroxyl radicals than simple phenolics or Trolox. One of the tannins, polygalloyl glucose, reacted an order of magnitude more quickly with hydroxyl radical than mannitol. These results suggest that tannins, which are found in many plant-based foods and beverages, are potentially very important biological antioxidants.

High Molecular Weight Plant Polyphenolics (Tannins) as Biological Antioxidants.

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Methods in plant biochemistry

Alkaloids - general observations, Peter G. Waterman amines, Terence A. Smith characterization of cyanogenic glycosides, cyanolipids, nitroglycosides, organic nitro compounds and nitrile glucosides from plants, David S. Seigler and Anita M. Brinker tropane alkaloids, Jack G. Woolley pyrrolizidine alkaloids, David J. Robins quinolizidine alkaloids, Michael Wink pyrrole, pyrrolidine, pyridine, piperidine and related alkaloids, A.R. Pinder quinoline alkaloids related to anthranlicic acid, A.I. Gray tryptamine derived indole alkaloids, Francois Tillequin, et al isoquinoline alkaloids, Helene Guinaudeau and J. Bruneton betalains, Dieter Strack, et al the diterpenoid alkaloids, Michael H. Benn steroidal alkaloids, Atta-Ur-Rehman and M. Iqbal Choudhary polyhydroxy indolizidines and related alkaloids, Russell J. Molyneux methods for glucosinolate analysis, R.K. Heaney and G.R. Fenwick naturally occurring C13 dithiacyclohexadines and thiohenes from the asteraceal, Filipe Balza and G.H. Neil Towers.

P. M. Dey

Papers

Methods in plant biochemistry

Alkaloids and sulphur compounds