Natural deep eutectic solvents couple with integrative extraction technique as an effective approach for mulberry anthocyanin extraction.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged recently as new and green solvents. DESs can be used for extraction and separation of both inorganic metallic components and organic compounds such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, sugars, and aromatic amines from food samples. DESs possess a tunable property simply by adjusting the ratio of hydrogen bond acceptors to the hydrogen bond donors. As a green extraction medium, DESs have various applications in the pretreatment process and improve the efficiency of different food analyses. This review summarizes the findings of recent studies on the development, production, application, and efficacy of DESs in the pretreatment process of various food analyses.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/24/4594/pdf

Application of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Food Analysis: A Review

Ascorbic acid and choline chloride: A new natural deep eutectic solvent for extracting tert-butylhydroquinone antioxidant

Capsaicinoid is used in topical treatment and high-dose dermal patch, to relieve the pain of peripheral neuropathy such as post-herpetic neuralgia. It may be used as cream for the temporary relief of minor aches and pains of muscles and joints associated with arthritis. The purpose of the present study was to measure penetration ability of capsaicinoid through Spraque-Dawley rat abdomen skin as membrane diffusion. Capsaicinoid had been extracted from chili fructus by reflux method and its content was determined. Capsaicinoid was used as an active ingredient in emulgel and gel formulation. The penetration of capsaicinoid from each dosage forms were evaluated using Franz diffusion cell with Spraque-Dawley rat abdomen skin as membrane. Physical stability of the products were investigated, including influence of temperatures, organoleptic test, pH, globule diameter, viscosity, and consistency. The result of the research showed, chili fructus extract is containing 1.93 ± 0.2 % capsaicinoid. Sum of cumulative penetration of capsaicinoid from gel and emulgel dosage forms were 153.11 ± 2.42 μg cm-2, and 321.22 ± 4.67 μg cm-2, respectively. The percentage of penetrated capsaicinoid from gel and emulgel dosage forms were 19.39 ± 0.31 % and 40.69 ± 0.59 %, respectively. Flux of capsaicinoid from gel and emulgel dosage forms were 11.26 ± 0.20 μg cm-2 hour-1 and 24,28 ± 0,52 μg cm-2 hour-1, respectively. The results revealed that penetration ability of emulgel dosage form is higher than gel, and both of the dosage form is physically stable.

Formulation and evaluation of gel and emulgel of chili extract (Capsicum frutescens L.) as topical dosage forms

In this paper, we have reported a gas chromatographic method for the determination of non-ethanol volatile compounds like acetaldehyde, acetone, ethyl acetate, methanol, 2-propanol, diacetyl, 2-butanol, 1-propanol, 2,3-pentanedione, n-butyl acetate, isobutene, 1-butanol, isoamyl acetate, isoamyl alcohol, acetoin, n-hexanol, acetic acid, and furfural in herbal formulation. The formulation was centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 20 minutes and distilled off. Volume of 0.8 μL of distillate containing 1-pentanol (internal standard) was injected in to column in a gas chromatograph fitted with a flame ionization detector. Hydrogen gas was used as carrier gas. The chromatographic conditions set were injector’s temperature 230°C, column temperature initial 50°C for 2 minute hold and then temperature raised by 5°C per minute up to 220°C, detector’s temperature 240°C, carrier flow 1.2 mL/min, and split ratio 1:30. The separation of all compounds was completed within 15 minutes. The validation of method was carried out in terms of linearity and range and accuracy. The average percent recovery was range from 95.93 to 103.55 % w/v. Thus, the proposed method is simple, rapid and accurate and therefore it is suitable for routine analysis of all herbal formulations.

Original Article Gas Chromatography Method for the Determination of Non-Ethanol Volatile Compounds in Herbal Formulation

Organic volatile impurities (OVIs), residual solvents in herbal formulations and extracts were monitored using gas chromatography (GC) with Flame Ionisation detector (FID). As per GMP, measuring residual solvents is mandatory. It is now possible to take advantage of GC equipment with faster temperature ramping capabilities, in combination with shorter capillary GC columns, to achieve considerable gain in efficiency and reduction in analysis time. In the present study Gas chromatographic method for the determination of methanol, ethanol and isopropyl alcohol at residual levels in herbal formulations and extracts was developed using a flame ionization detector and the separation was carried out on BP 624 column, using GC 17 A shimadzu, with nitrogen as carrier gas in the split mode by direct injection method. The retention time for standard methanol, ethanol and isopropyl alcohol was found to be 3.72, 5.26 and 6.28 min respectively. The linearity for methanol, ethanol and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) was found to be in the range of 10-400 μL mL -1 , 10 - 500μL mL -1 and 1 -240μL mL -1 respectively. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines. The method described is simple, sensitive, rugged, reliable and reproducible for the quantitation of methanol, ethanol and isopropyl levels from herbal formulations and extracts and their levels are found to be within the ICH limits.

P. N. S. Pai

Papers

Determination of Organic Volatile Impurities in Herbal Formulations and Extracts