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The Vegetation of Wisconsin: An Ordination of Plant Communities.

Piper species are aromatic plants used as spices in the kitchen, but their secondary metabolites have also shown biological effects on human health. These plants are rich in essential oils, which can be found in their fruits, seeds, leaves, branches, roots and stems. Some Piper species have simple chemical profiles, while others, such as Piper nigrum, Piper betle, and Piper auritum, contain very diverse suites of secondary metabolites. In traditional medicine, Piper species have been used worldwide to treat several diseases such as urological problems, skin, liver and stomach ailments, for wound healing, and as antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agents. In addition, Piper species could be used as natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents in food preservation. The phytochemicals and essential oils of Piper species have shown strong antioxidant activity, in comparison with synthetic antioxidants, and demonstrated antibacterial and antifungal activities against human pathogens. Moreover, Piper species possess therapeutic and preventive potential against several chronic disorders. Among the functional properties of Piper plants/extracts/active components the antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and neuropharmacological activities of the extracts and extract-derived bioactive constituents are thought to be key effects for the protection against chronic conditions, based on preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies, besides clinical studies. Habitats and cultivation of Piper species are also covered in this review. In this current work, available literature of chemical constituents of the essential oils Piper plants, their use in traditional medicine, their applications as a food preservative, their antiparasitic activities and other important biological activities are reviewed.

Piper Species: A Comprehensive Review on Their Phytochemistry, Biological Activities and Applications.

The Vegetation of Wisconsin, an Ordination of Plant Communities.

The present paper documents the uses of plants in traditional herbal medicine for human and veterinary ailments, and those used for dietary supplements, religious purpose, local beverage, and plants used to poison fish and wild animals. Traditional botanical medicine is the primary mode of healthcare for most of the rural population in Arunachal Pradesh. Field research was conducted between April 2006 and March 2009 with randomly selected 124 key informants using semi-structured questionnaire. The data obtained was analyzed through informant consensus factor (FIC) to determine the homogeneity of informant's knowledge on medicinal plants. We documented 50 plants species belonging to 29 families used for treating 22 human and 4 veterinary ailments. Of the medicinal plants reported, the most common growth form was herbs (40%) followed by shrubs, trees, and climbers. Leaves were most frequently used plant parts. The consensus analysis revealed that the dermatological ailments have the highest FIC (0.56) and the gastro-intestinal diseases have FIC (0.43). FIC values indicated that there was high agreement in the use of plants in dermatological and gastro-intestinal ailments category among the users. Gymnocladus assamicus is a critically rare and endangered species used as disinfectant for cleaning wounds and parasites like leeches and lice on livestocks. Two plant species (Illicium griffithii and Rubia cordifolia) are commonly used for traditional dyeing of clothes and food items. Some of the edible plants recorded in this study were known for their treatment against high blood pressure (Clerodendron colebrookianum), diabetes mellitus (Momordica charantia), and intestinal parasitic worms like round and tape worms (Lindera neesiana, Solanum etiopicum, and Solanum indicum). The Monpas of Arunachal Pradesh have traditionally been using Daphne papyracea for preparing hand-made paper for painting and writing religious scripts in Buddhist monasteries. Three plant species (Derris scandens, Aesculus assamica, and Polygonum hydropiper) were frequently used to poison fish during the month of June-July every year and the underground tuber of Aconitum ferrox is widely used in arrow poisoning to kill ferocious animals like bear, wild pigs, gaur and deer. The most frequently cited plant species; Buddleja asiatica and Hedyotis scandens were used as common growth supplements during the preparation of fermentation starter cultures. The traditional pharmacopoeia of the Monpa ethnic group incorporates a myriad of diverse botanical flora. Traditional knowledge of the remedies is passed down through oral traditions without any written document. This traditional knowledge is however, currently threatened mainly due to acculturation and deforestation due to continuing traditional shifting cultivation. This study reveals that the rural populations in Arunachal Pradesh have a rich knowledge of forest-based natural resources and consumption of wild edible plants is still an integral part of their socio-cultural life. Findings of this documentation study can be used as an ethnopharmacological basis for selecting plants for future phytochemical and pharmaceutical studies.

/pdf/ethnobotany-of-the-monpa-ethnic-group-at-arunachal-pradesh-gevbsv52pa.pdf

Ethnobotany of the Monpa ethnic group at Arunachal Pradesh, India

Melastoma malabathricum L. (Melastomataceae) is one of the 22 species found in the Southeast Asian region, including Malaysia. Considered as native to tropical and temperate Asia and the Pacific Islands, this commonly found small shrub has gained herbal status in the Malay folklore belief as well as the Indian, Chinese, and Indonesian folk medicines. Ethnopharmacologically, the leaves, shoots, barks, seeds, and roots of M. malabathricum have been used to treat diarrhoea, dysentery, hemorrhoids, cuts and wounds, toothache, and stomachache. Scientific findings also revealed the wide pharmacological actions of various parts of M. malabthricum, such as antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, antidiarrheal, cytotoxic, and antioxidant activities. Various types of phytochemical constituents have also been isolated and identifed from different parts of M. malabathricum. Thus, the aim of the present review is to present comprehensive information on ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemical constituents, and pharmacological activities of M. malabathricum.

https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2012/258434.pdf

Melastoma malabathricum (L.) Smith Ethnomedicinal Uses, Chemical Constituents, and Pharmacological Properties: A Review

An ethno-medico-botanical survey was carried out in Adi dominated areas of Dehang-Debang Biosphere Reserve (DDBR) of Arunachal Pradesh during 2005-2007 to study the pattern of use, preparation, and dosage administration of drugs in treatment of various gastrointestinal diseases. A total of 44 plant species belonging to 31 families were recorded for the treatment of various gastrointestinal diseases. Among these, 25 plant species used as antidysenteric and antidiarrhoeic, 9 species for stomachache, 6 species as stomachic, 4 species as carminative, 3 species as antiemetic, 2 species as anthelmentic, 1 species each as antiflatulent and laxative.

/pdf/ethnomedicinal-plants-used-for-gastro-intestinal-diseases-by-1zvz8doe0n.pdf

Ethnomedicinal plants used for gastro-intestinal diseases by Adi tribes of Dehang-Debang Biosphere Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh.

The consumption of wild plants is one of the strategies, adopted by the local people for sustenance, is intrinsically linked to their strong traditional & cultural system and is inseparable. The indigenous communities continuously include wild edibles to their daily food intake and sales from the surplus add to their income. Simultaneously, an emphasis on the sustainable harvesting of wild edible plants will help enhance and maintain the region’s biodiversity. As the local people are endowed with a vast knowledge concerning the utilization of wild plants, the paper focuses on their knowledge and illustrates the need to select local priority plant species with potential to become valuable staple foods and important alternatives to the usual cultivated agricultural crops.

/pdf/status-and-potential-of-wild-edible-plants-of-arunachal-5a6mgy5le8.pdf

Status and potential of wild edible plants of Arunachal Pradesh

Ethnobotany of medicinal plants used by the Zeliangrong ethnic group of Manipur, northeast India.

Paul A, Gajurel PR, Das AK. 2015. Threats and conservation of Paris polyphylla an endangered, highly exploited medicinal plant in the Indian Himalayan Region. Biodiversitas 16: 295-302. The Indian Himalayan Region is home of numerous globallysignificant medicinal plants. Paris polyphylla Smith is an important medicinal perennial herbaceous species used mostly in traditionalmedicine, having medicinal properties like anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-tumor, cytotoxicity, steroid saponins etc. Thepresent study highlights the uses, population status and threats to P. polyphylla in Arunachal Pradesh. P. polyphylla is distributed intropical to temperate region of South East Asia, particularly in Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand and Vietnam. InIndia it is distributed in the state of Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram,Nagaland, Sikkim and Uttarakhand. In the Eastern Himalayan state of Arunachal Pradesh, the species found to be occurring with distinctmorphological interspecific variations. In the past 5 years the market demand of the species increased tremendously, which ultimatelyled to the over exploitation of the species and traded illegally in heavy quantities. The present study showed very poor populationdensity, which ranged between 0.42 individuals m-2 to 1.48 individuals m-2. While, Importance Value Index of the species rangedbetween 3.37 to 8.45. Because of the unsustainable extraction and poor natural regeneration of the species, wild populations are at riskof extinction and accordingly it has been listed as an endangered species. The rhizome is the primary mode of regeneration, although itregenerate from seeds. Because of the commercial demand of the rhizome, the population of the species may entirely be wiped out ifproper conservation initiatives have not been taken. Effective conservation strategies both in situ and ex situ may help to protect thespecies from its extinction. Inclusion of the species under the priority species list of both the National and State Medicinal Plant Boardsfor cultivation may be helpful for its long term management and conservation. Mass awareness and active involvement of local peoplefor large scale cultivation may reduce the pressure on wild populations. This will meet the market demand and boost the rural economyand will also help in conservation of the species.

/pdf/threats-and-conservation-of-paris-polyphylla-an-endangered-s52xidwgsy.pdf

Threats and conservation of Paris polyphylla an endangered, highly exploited medicinal plant in the Indian Himalayan Region

Dehang–Debang Biosphere Reserve (DDBR) is located in the Northeastern part of the Eastern Himalayas in Arunachal Pradesh. The tribal communities inhabiting in and around DDBR are Ashings, Boris, Bokars, Shimongs, Palibos, Khambas, Membas, Gallos, Minyongs and Mishmis. The Khambas and Membas centered on Gelling, Tuting and Singa near the Siang river of Upper Siang district are quite different culturally as well as ethnically from Adis and other tribes of Arunachal Pradesh. The study was carried out in 6 villages of Upper Siang district which are inhabited by Membas. During the field survey, 88 useful plant species belonging to 47 families and 58 genera documented, 24 species are used as vegetable, 18 species are used as medicine and 13 species are used as edible fruits. Apart from these, some selected species are used for stupefying and trapping fishes, spice, edible oil, fodder, and fiber, packaging material and for religious practices. In the paper, ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal uses of plant species along with their vernacular names and parts used are discussed.

http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/7156/1/IJTK%209%281%29%2061-67.pdf

P. R. Gajurel

Papers

Ethnomedicinal plants used for gastro-intestinal diseases by Adi tribes of Dehang-Debang Biosphere Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh.

Status and potential of wild edible plants of Arunachal Pradesh

Ethnobotany of medicinal plants used by the Zeliangrong ethnic group of Manipur, northeast India.

Threats and conservation of Paris polyphylla an endangered, highly exploited medicinal plant in the Indian Himalayan Region

Ethnobotanical studies of Dehang-Debang Biosphere Reserve of Arunachal Pradesh with special reference to Memba tribe.