There is an urgent need in the medical diagnostics laboratories for accurate, fast and inexpensive devices, which can be routinely used. The reliable and accurate information on the desired biochemical parameters is an essential prerequisite for effective healthcare. In this context, biosensors are considered to provide viable solutions to the problems posed by the contemporary healthcare industry. This is because these biosensing devices offer considerable advantages, such as specificity, small size faster response and cost. It is anticipated that these bioanalytical tools can be used for frequent measurements of metabolites, blood cations and gases, etc. In this paper, an attempt has been made to highlight some of the trends that rule the research and developments of some of the important biosensors that are likely to accelerate the growth of clinical diagnostics industry.

Biosensors for clinical diagnostics industry

Analysis of metabolites in sweat as a measure of physical condition

https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/123523/1/BiosensBioelectr_SAzzouzi_Postscript.pdf

A novel amperometric biosensor based on gold nanoparticles anchored on reduced graphene oxide for sensitive detection of l-lactate tumor biomarker

Non-invasive biosensors in clinical analysis

An amperometric enzyme electrode was developed for determination of lactate in serum. To prepare this electrode, commercial lactate oxidase from Pediococcus species has been immobilized through glutaraldehyde coupling onto polyaniline-co-fluoroaniline film deposited on an Indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass plate. This plate acted as working electrode when combined with Pt electrode as counter electrode to the electrometer for the development of a biosensor. The method is based on generation of electrons from H 2 O 2 , which is formed from lactic acid by immobilized lactate oxidase. The concentration of lactic acid is directly proportional to the current measured. The enzyme electrode showed optimum response when operated at 42 °C in 0.05 M, sodium phosphate buffer pH 6.5 for 50 s. The biosensor showed a good performance with a linear response range from 0.1 to 5.5 mM/l. The minimum detection limit of the method is 0.1 mM/l and sensitivity of the sensor is 1.18 μA/mM/l lactate. This electrode was employed for determination of lactate in serum. The serum values in healthy and diseased persons were in the range 0.51–2.9 and 5.0–15.0 mM, respectively. The analytical recovery of added lactic acid was 71%. Within batch and between batch CV were

Development of a lactate biosensor based on conducting copolymer bound lactate oxidase

Lactate and glucose are measured in whole blood of athletes running on a treadmill by using two extracorporeal electrochemical biosensors. The lactate sensor was fixed to an endocrine artificial pancreas (Betalike) which had been used in previous extracorporeal experiments. The lactate sensor gave a signal which resulted in a well defined curve that allowed the evaluation of the aerobic as well as the anaerobic threshold. The results obtained with the glucose sensor supported the theory that muscie anaerobic glycolysis is dependent on muscle glycogen rather than on blood glucose.

P. Zeppilli

Papers

Lactate and glucose electrochemical biosensors for the evaluation of the aerobic and anaerobic threshold in runners.