In this narrative review, we have comprehensively reviewed the plant sources used as antiulcer agents. From traditional uses as herbal remedies, we have moved on to preclinical evidence, critically discussing the in vitro and in vivo studies focusing on plant extracts and even isolated phytochemicals with antiulcerogenic potential. A particular emphasis was also paid to Helicobacter pylori activity, with emphasis on involved mechanisms of action. Lastly, the issue of safety profile of these plant products has also been addressed.

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Antiulcer Agents: From Plant Extracts to Phytochemicals in Healing Promotion.

Acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity studies of hesperidin isolated from orange peel extract in Sprague Dawley rats.

Flavonoids are a class of phenolic natural products, well-identified in traditional and modern medicines in the treatment of several diseases including viral infection. Flavonoids showed potential inhibitory activity against coronaviruses including the current pandemic outbreak caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and designated as COVID-19. Here, we have collected all data related to the potential inhibitory mechanisms of flavonoids against SARS-CoV-2 infection and their significant immunomodulatory activities. The data were mapped and compared to elect major flavonoids with a promising role in the current pandemic. Further, we have linked the global existence of flavonoids in medicinal plants and their role in protection against COVID-19. Computational analysis predicted that flavonoids can exhibit potential inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 by binding to essential viral targets required in virus entry and/ or replication. Flavonoids also showed excellent immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities including the inhibition of various inflammatory cytokines. Further, flavonoids showed significant ability to reduce the exacerbation of COVID-19 in the case of obesity via promoting lipids metabolism. Moreover, flavonoids exhibit a high safety profile, suitable bioavailability, and no significant adverse effects. For instance, plants rich in flavonoids are globally distributed and can offer great protection from COVID-19. The data described in this study strongly highlighted that flavonoids particularly quercetin and luteolin can exhibit promising multi-target activity against SARS-CoV-2, which promote their use in the current and expected future outbreaks. Therefore, a regimen of flavonoid-rich plants can be recommended to supplement a sufficient amount of flavonoids for the protection and treatment from SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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Flavonoids are promising safe therapy against COVID-19.

Phenolic compounds and biological activities of small-size citrus: Kumquat and calamondin

‘Flavonoid’ word was initially derived from ‘flavous’, a latin word which means yellow, resembling flavonoid’s colour in nature.1-3 Despite of its meaning, plentiful of other flavonoids are white and the chief flavonoid-related anthocyanins are purple, red or blue in colour as well.3 Flavonoids or bioflavonoids, are a category of secondary metabolites of plants and fungal origin.4-9 They are a class of natural compounds having variable phenolic structures.6 A new substance was screened out from oranges in 1930 which was thought to be a member of a new class of vitamins and was designated as vitamin P.7,10,11 Later on, that substance was confirmed to be a flavonoid, called rutin.11 The term “flavonoid” is basically used to describe a broad assemblage of natural compounds that contain a C6-C3-C6 carbon framework or more accurately a phenylbenzopyran functionality.12 The position at which the aromatic ring links with the benzopyrano functionality helps to determine the three classes into which this group of natural compounds can be divided: the flavonoids (2-phenylbenzopyrans) Figure 1, isoflavonoids (3-phenylbenzopyrans) Figure 2 and the neoflavonoids (4-phenylbenzopyrans) Figure 3 and (Chalcone) Figure 4. These groups generally share a common precursor (chalcone) and are therefore structurally and biogenetically related.13-17 Flavonoids possess different pharmacological activities and act through several mechanisms. All the healthy information regarding flavonoids will be discussed in this paper. ABSTRACT

Chemistry and Pharmacology of Flavonoids- A Review

Free radicals play an important role in stomach ulcer formation The present investigation validates the anti ulcer activity of hesperidin, isolated from Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck, Rutaceae, through the assessment of its antioxidant potential over stomach mucosal tissue by histological examination Hesperidin was isolated from the dried peel of C sinensis, and authenticated by TLC, IR and HPLC The anti-ulcerogenic potential of this fruit was assessed using indomethacin and hypothermic restrain stress-induced ulceration models on rats at 150, 300 and 450 mg/kg dose orally The parameters measured were gastric pH, volume, free and total acidity, ulcer index, and mucin, glutathione, super oxide dismutase, catalase and protein content Hesperidin at 300 and 450 mg/kg dose showed significant (p < 001-0001) increase in pH, decrease in acidity and ulcer index against indomethacin and hypothermic restrain stress, along with histological evidence of cytoprotection Glutathione, super oxide dismutase, catalase and mucin levels increased significantly at 450 mg/kg (p <005-0001) after indomethacin ulceration, whereas hypothermic restrain stress only increased glutathione and mucin levels Hesperidin prevents oxidative cell injury by significant rise of super oxide dismutase, glutathione and catalase levels in gastric mucosa Hesperidin allowed the regeneration of ulcerated tissue, and prevented hemorrhagic injury of gastric mucosa The potential anti-ulcer effect of hesperidin may be due to antioxidant, mucoprotective and cytoprotective activities

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Papiya Bigoniya

Papers

Ulcer protective potential of standardized hesperidin, a citrus flavonoid isolated from Citrus sinensis