The experiment was carried out to evaluate the herbage production of cool season forage species and cultivars from Instituto Nacional de Investigacion Agropecuaria- INIA/Uruguay breeding program. The following species and cultivars were evaluated: Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.): Cetus, Estanzuela 284 and Titan; Oats (Avena byzantina): RLE 115a and 1095a; White clover (Trifolium repens L.): Estanzuela Zapican; Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.): Estanzuela 116 and Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) Sao Gabriel. Dry matter production, structural components percentage and production, canopy height, neutral detergent fiber, and crude protein percentages were determined. It was used a split-plot arrangement in a randomized block design, where the subplots were the evaluation dates, with four replications. Among the grasses, Italian ryegrass Titan presented the greatest herbage production of DM, with 7.2 t/ha and higher leaf proportion. The production of Birdsfoot trefoil and Red clover were similar and had greater DM production than White clover. The tested species and cultivars were adapted to the local conditions, even with rainfall deficit occurrence during the experimental period.

https://www.rbz.org.br/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/1516-3598-rbz-S1516-35982007000900007/1516-3598-rbz-S1516-35982007000900007.pdf

Avaliação de espécies forrageiras de inverno na Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul

The objective of this work was to assess yield of double purpose wheat cultivar BRS 176 and cattle weight gain according to grazing periods, taking into account grazing intensity. The experiment was carried out in Castro, Parana State, Brazil, in an Inceptisol, from May to November 2004. A completely randomized block design, with three replicates, was used. The treatments consisted of four grazing periods: T-0, zero day; T-15, 15 days; T-30, 30 days; and T-45, 45 days. Steers with 260 kg live weight were evaluated under continuous grazing, with variable stocking and daily forage allowance of 8% animal live weight. Grain yield was 3,999, 4,154, 3,210, and 1,588 kg ha-1 for T-0, T-15, T-30, and T-45, respectively, and animal weight gain was 0, 181, 351, and 459 kg ha-1. Cultivar BRS 176 has high grain yield potential under grazing and copes well with defoliation. Grazing on cultivar BRS 176 increases cattle average daily weight gain, and weight gain per hectare increases linearly with the increase in the grazing period.

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Trigo de duplo propósito submetido ao pastejo de bovinos nos Campos Gerais do Paraná

This work aimed to assess the yield of five forage species subjected to nitrogen (N) levels at three different cutting ages. The experiment was carried out in the city of Santa Tereza do Oeste, at IAPAR’s (Agronomic Institute of Parana) experimental field, by applying a randomized complete block design in a factorial scheme 5×4×3, with five species: common black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb cv. Common), IPR 61 oat (Avena strigosa Schreb cv. IPR 61), Triticale Tpolo 981(Xtriticosecale wittmack), IPR 126 White oat (Avena sativa cv. IPR 126) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.); N levels were (0, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha-1); cutting ages were 66, 95 and 116 days after emergence (DAE), with three replications. Dry matter (DM) productivity was assessed in kg ha-1 by cut and total. The common black oat proved to be different from the other forage plants in DM yield, accumulating less quantities of it due to its cycle. The application of nitrogen fertilization to the coverage linearly influenced the ryegrass at 66 DAE and all other species at 116 DAE in a positive manner. Nitrogen did not influence the total accumulation of dry matter of both common black oat and Triticale Tpolo 981. 
	
	Key words: Avena sativa L., Triticosecale wittmack, Lolium multiflorum Lam, nitrogen, cuts.

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Effect of nitrogen fertilization and cutting age on yield of tropical forage plants

Currently, the practice of Crop-Livestock Integration is stimulated as a way of increasing the generation of foreign exchange for Brazil. Integrated systems improve land use efficiency as well as preserve, recover and increment or soil fertility. The aim of this research was to evaluate how different doses of nitrogen fertilization can affect production and quality of dual purpose wheat submitted to grazing. The experimental designed was randomized block with five treatments (0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 Kg N ha-1, like ammonium nitrate) and four repetitions. The forage yield, the percentage crude protein (P=.0001) and acid detergent insoluble protein (P=.0054) had a linear increased because of the nitrogen addition doses. The crude protein percentage changed the estimate of all soluble carbohydrates (P=.0001) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (P=.0186), but did not influence the, nitrogen detergent fiber corrected with ash and proteins percentage contributing for content cell. The crops production (P=.0001) and the number of kernels per ear (P=.0001) showed significantly difference because of the nitrogen additions dose, increasing the number of fertile flowers. The nitrogen topdressing alters forage production, the chemical composition and the production of dual purpose wheat grains subjected to grazing.

Dual purpose wheat production with different levels of nitrogen topdressing

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the structural characteristics, biomass accumulation, chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of dry matter and crude protein of white oat (Avena sativa L. IPR 126) under different management systems. Grazing, cut at two heights (15 and 20 cm) and free growth were all evaluated in three periods (July, August and September) with a 28-day average interval between evaluations. In the free growth system, samples at 15 and 20 cm were also taken at the intervals chosen for cutting and grazing. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with three replications, arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial split plot design over time; systems of management and heights were the factors of plots, and time was taken as subplot. There was higher straw production under free growth, but, with decreased chemical quality from the first to the second period and from the second to the third one, with 236.4, 172.5, and 91.4 g/kg crude protein values, respectively. Regarding cutting and grazing systems, they showed structural changes in tillering, which was favored by the cut, but with some reduction in the periods. Nutritional quality values were close to cutting and grazing with high crude protein content (216.6 g/kg), adequate neutral detergent fiber (535.4 g/kg) content and high in vitro digestibility of dry matter (826.3 g/kg). Management heights promoted few changes in the characteristics evaluated. After the third period, cutting and grazing systems showed no suitable residual straw for ground covering and set a summer crop under no-tillage system, with 738.39 kg/ha of residual dry matter on average.

https://www.rbz.org.br/wp-content/uploads/articles_xml/1516-3598-rbz-S1516-35982012000400009/1516-3598-rbz-S1516-35982012000400009.pdf

IPR 126 white oat forage potential under free growth, cutting and grazing at two management heights

RESUMO - A utilizacao de cereais de inverno no sistema de duplo proposito permite fornecer aos animais forragem verde no periodo critico de carencia alimentar, alem de aumentar a estabilidade da receita da producao pela melhoria na qualidade e produtividade dos graos dos cereais de inverno. O experimento foi conduzido no periodo de abril de 1994 a setembro de 1996 em Guarapuava, Parana, a fim de avaliar o potencial de utilizacao para forragem e graos de aveia branca (Avena sativa L.), trigo (Triticum aestivum), triticale (X. Triticosecale Witt.), aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb), centeio (Secale cereale L.) e cevada (Hordeum vulgare L.), visando sua utilizacao em condicoes de duplo proposito. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com tratamentos distribuidos em parcelas subdivididas, em tres repeticoes. Nas parcelas foram estudados os sistemas de producao (sem corte, um e dois cortes) e nas subparcelas, os genotipos. O sistema de dois cortes foi superior aos demais quanto ao rendimento de materia seca, principalmente para a aveia. Para o rendimento de graos, os sistemas sem corte e um corte foram superiores, apesar da maior producao dos genotipos de aveia sob dois cortes. Em todos os genotipos, houve melhoria do peso do hectolitro e reducao da massa de mil sementes, quando se realizaram cortes. Sob condicoes de manejo adequadas, pode-se alcancar consideravel producao de forragem, sem afetar a posterior producao de graos para cereais de inverno.

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Patricia Cambrussi Bortolini

Papers

Cereais de inverno submetidos ao corte no sistema de duplo propósito