There is disagreement in the literature about the exact nature of the phenomenon of empathy. There are emotional, cogni- tive, and conditioning views, applying in varying degrees across species. An adequate description of the ultimate and proximate mecha- nism can integrate these views. Proximately, the perception of an object's state activates the subject's corresponding representations, which in turn activate somatic and autonomic responses. This mechanism supports basic behaviors (e.g., alarm, social facilitation, vicar- iousness of emotions, mother-infant responsiveness, and the modeling of competitors and predators) that are crucial for the reproduc- tive success of animals living in groups. The Perception-Action Model (PAM), together with an understanding of how representations change with experience, can explain the major empirical effects in the literature (similarity, familiarity, past experience, explicit teach- ing, and salience). It can also predict a variety of empathy disorders. The interaction between the PAM and prefrontal functioning can also explain different levels of empathy across species and age groups. This view can advance our evolutionary understanding of empa- thy beyond inclusive fitness and reciprocal altruism and can explain different levels of empathy across individuals, species, stages of de- velopment, and situations.

/pdf/empathy-its-ultimate-and-proximate-bases-3gnr9okjki.pdf

Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases.

Doing Qualitative Research

Part I: The Basic Account. 1. Language and Cognition: Constructing an Alternative Approach Within the Behavioral Tradition S.C. Hayes, et al. 2. Derived Relational Responding as Learned Behavior S.C. Hayes, et al. 3. Multiple Stimulus Relations and the Transformation of Stimulus Functions D. Barnes-Holmes, et al. 4. Relations Among Relations: Analogies, Metaphors, and Stories I. Stewart, et al. 5. Thinking, Problem-Solving, and Pragmatic Verbal Analysis S.C. Hayes, et al. 6. Understanding and Verbal Regulation D. Barnes-Holmes, et al. 7. Self and Self-Directed Rules D. Barnes-Holmes, et al. 8. Relational Frame Theory: A Precis S.C. Hayes, et al. Part II: Extensions and Applications. 9. Psychological Development Y. Barnes-Holmes, et al. 10. Education Y. Barnes-Holmes, et al. 11. Social Processes B. Roche, et al. 12. Psychopathology and Psychotherapy K.G. Wilson, et al. 13. Religion, Spirituality, and Transcendence D. Barnes-Holmes, et al. Epilogue. References. Index.

Relational Frame Theory: A Post-Skinnerian Account Of Human Language And Cognition

A relatively simple model of the phonological loop (A. D. Baddeley, 1986), a component of working memory, has proved capable of accommodating a great deal of experimental evidence from normal adult participants, children, and neuropsychological patients. Until recently, however, the role of this subsystem in everyday cognitive activities was unclear. In this article the authors review studies of word learning by normal adults and children, neuropsychological patients, and special developmental populations, which provide evidence that the phonological loop plays a crucial role in learning the novel phonological forms of new words. The authors propose that the primary purpose for which the phonological loop evolved is to store unfamiliar sound patterns while more permanent memory records are being constructed. Its use in retaining sequences of familiar words is, it is argued,

/pdf/the-phonological-loop-as-a-language-learning-device-484uirmmjo.pdf

The phonological loop as a language learning device.

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(06)69041-7.pdf

Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP).

Challenging Behaviour and Autism: Making Sense – Making Progress

Behavioural and Cognitive Phenotypes in Genetic Disorders Associated with Offending

Background: Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) are reported to experience a range of physical and mental health problems. However, much of this information is derived from children and young adults. Little is known about these issues in older adults. The aims of this study were to (1) examine these issues in adults with WS of a wide age range and (2) examine the long term pattern of these problems. Method: Two groups of adults with WS and their parents/carers were interviewed to examine physical and mental health problems. Study 1 comprised 92 adults with WS (19 years 11 month–55 years 4 months). Study 2 consisted of 47 adults with WS (25 years 7 months–49 years 7 months) who had taken part in a previous study of adults with WS 10 years previously. Results: The studies indicated that high numbers of adults with WS (75%–81%) had physical health problems that impacted upon their everyday life. These included heart, bowel and blood pressure problems (18%–33%). Eating, sleeping and toileting problems were reported in 7%–16% of the sample. Mental health problems were common (25%–33%). There were increases over time in the number of individuals with health problems relating to the heart, bowel and blood pressure and a small decrease in the numbers with joint problems, hernias and dental problems. Overall, there was a decrease in the number of participants with emotional/behavioural problems. Specifically, rates of problems such as anxiety and compulsions decreased, but rates of depression and overactivity increased. Conclusions: Adults with WS have a range of physical and mental problems. While the overall number of individuals with physical health problems remained high over time, the rates of different types of problems changed. Emotional/behavioural problems generally decreased with age.

Physical and mental health of adults with Williams syndrome

PatientRelated Factors Age Increasing age is correlated with decreased healing after rotator cuff repair for both open and arthroscopic repair, in de pen dent of surgical technique.2,74,75 Rates of healing in patients older than 65 years was found to be 43%, compared with 86% in younger patients with isolated, singletendon tears managed arthroscopically.2 Cho et al76 investigated 123 arthroscopic doublerow suture bridge repairs and also found an association between increasing age and lower rates of tendon healing, with 60.1 years being the average age of unhealed repairs, compared with 53.8 years of age in the healed cohort. Similar ages were found in Oh et al’s study77 of 177 patients with arthroscopic and miniopen cuff repairs, with an average age of unhealed repairs of 63.7 compared with 58.4 in healed repairs.

https://link-springer-com-443.webvpn.jmu.edu.cn/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-6435-8_446-3.pdf

Patricia Howlin

Papers

Challenging Behaviour and Autism: Making Sense – Making Progress

Behavioural and Cognitive Phenotypes in Genetic Disorders Associated with Offending

Physical and mental health of adults with Williams syndrome

Factors Affecting Outcomes

Autism: Understanding the Disorder . G. B. Mesibov, L. W. Adams, & L. G. Klinger. New York: Plenum, 1997. pp. 124. $37.50 (hb), $21.50 (pb).