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A User’s Guide

____________________________________ Brown, James K.; Smith, Jane Kapler, eds. 2000. Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on flora. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 2. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 257 p. This state-of-knowledge review about the effects of fire on flora and fuels can assist land managers with ecosystem and fire management planning and in their efforts to inform others about the ecological role of fire. Chapter topics include fire regime classification, autecological effects of fire, fire regime characteristics and postfire plant community developments in ecosystems throughout the United States and Canada, global climate change, ecological principles of fire regimes, and practical considerations for managing fire in an ecosytem context.

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Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on flora

https://bioone.org/journals/the-wilson-journal-of-ornithology/volume-121/issue-3/1559-4491-121.3.664/Identification-Guide-to-North-American-Birds-Part-II/10.1676/1559-4491-121.3.664.pdf

Identification Guide to North American Birds. Part II

Hydrology and the Management of Watersheds

The preceding decades witnessed hydrothermal processes being actively utilized all over the world, specifically in the developed zones. Their optimum usage is primarily sought for in terms of conversion of biomass into valuable solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. Indeed, Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is an effective and environment friendly technique; it possesses extensive potential towards producing high-energy density solid fuels. However, the production and quality of solid fuels from HTC depends upon several parameters; temperature, feed type, residence time, pressure and catalyst being the eminent ones. This study investigates the influence of operating parameters on solid fuel production during HTC. The biomass quality has also been analyzed in HTC by extending existing literature work through experiments that have been performed. Data including chemical composition, heating value, proximate analysis and ultimate analysis for different types of biomass was consequently collected and analyzed. It was found that reaction temperature, residence time and type of feed material are the primary factors that influence the HTC process. At higher temperatures, lower solid product is obtained; the carbon content increases, whilst the hydrogen and oxygen content decrease. Further, it has been found that higher lignin content in biomass leads to an increased solid fuel production.

An overview of effect of process parameters on hydrothermal carbonization of biomass

Understanding how livestock grazing strategies of native warm season grasses (NWSG) can impact facultative grassland bird nesting can provide insight for conservation efforts. We compared pre and post treatment effects of rotational grazing (ROT) and patch-burn grazing (PBG) for facultative grassland bird species nest success and nest-site selection on NWSG pastures at three Mid-South research sites. We established 14, 9.7 ha NWSG pastures and randomly assigned each to either ROT or PBG and monitored avian nest-site selection and nest success, 2014–2016. We collected nesting and vegetation data in 2014, before treatment implementation, as an experimental pre-treatment. We implemented treatments across all research sites in spring 2015. We used a step-wise model selection framework to estimate treatment effect for ROT or PBG on avian nest daily survival rate (DSR) and resource selection function (RSF) at the temporal scale and within-field variables. Daily survival rates were 0.93% (SE = 0.006) for field sparrow (Spizella pusilla), 0.96% (SE = 0.008) for red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), and 0.92% (SE = 0.01) for indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea). Model support for PBG treatment and vegetation height were indicated as negative and positive influences for field sparrow DSR, respectively. Red-winged blackbirds’ DSR were negatively influenced by ROT while vegetation height positively affected DSR, and DSR for indigo bunting did not differ among treatments. Combined RSF models indicated nest-site selection for all species was positively related to vegetation height and only weakly associated with other within-field variables. We provide evidence that ROT and/or PBG effects vary by species for DSR for these three facultative grassland birds, and vegetation characteristics affected their nest-site selection in the Mid-South USA. A lack of disturbance in Mid-South grasslands can lead to higher successional stages (i.e., mix shrub-grassland), but some combination of ROT, PBG, and unburned/ungrazed areas can provide adequate nesting habitat on small pasture lands (∼1.8 –7.8 ha) for various facultative grassland birds and potentially offer the opportunity to simultaneously maintain livestock production and grassland bird nesting habitat.

Effects of grazing strategy on facultative grassland bird nesting on native grassland pastures of the Mid-South USA

/pdf/identifying-barriers-to-forage-innovation-native-grasses-and-1rir22nq88.pdf

Identifying Barriers to Forage Innovation: Native Grasses and Producer Knowledge

Funding information Cooperative StateResearch,Education, andExtensionService,Grant/Award Numbers: TennesseeHatchTEN00350, TennesseeHatchTEN00463, Tennessee HatchTEN00547 Abstract Improved use of the land resource used to grow switchgrass (SG; Panicum virgatum L.), whether for biomass or forage production, could be achieved by dormant-season overseedingwith cool-season annual grasses (CAGs). Cereal rye (Secale cereale L.), ryegrass (Loliummultiflorum Lam.), and wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) were overseeded into an established,mature stand of lowland (‘Alamo’) SG for two consecutive years (2010–2011) at a study site located near Greeneville, TN. Three harvest timings were imposed on CAG (15 April, 1 May, and 15 May). Yield of CAG differed (p = 0.001) by year, species (rye = 6.8, ryegrass = 5.0, wheat = 5.1 Mg ha−1), and harvest time (15 April = 2.7, 1 May = 6.5, 15 May = 7.7 Mgha−1), but these factors did not interact. Switchgrass yield the summer following establishment of CAGs differed (p = .001) by year (11.1 and 14.7 Mg ha−1, in 2011 and 2012, respectively) but not by CAG species or harvest date. Tiller density of SG followed the same pattern as yield (2011 = 75 m−2; 2012 = 147 m−2). Thus, this study provided no evidence that any of the three CAGs, when planted for two consecutive years into dormant SG, regardless of harvest date, had a negative effect on SG yield or stand vigor; therefore, overseeding CAGs may be a practical way for producers to improve land resource use when growing SG. However, evaluation of production costs for CAGs indicated that May harvests would be required for overseeding to be cost-effective.

Patrick D. Keyser

Papers

Effects of grazing strategy on facultative grassland bird nesting on native grassland pastures of the Mid-South USA

Identifying Barriers to Forage Innovation: Native Grasses and Producer Knowledge

Overseeding cool-season annual grasses into dormant lowland switchgrass stands