Poverty in the United Kingdom

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Dismantling the Welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher, and the Politics of Retrenchment

Será que a desigualdade de rendimentos aumentou durante os últimos tempos? Quem ganhou e quem perdeu neste processo? Este processo afectou todos os países da OCDE uniformemente? Em que medida é que maiores desigualdades de rendimentos são a consequência de maiores diferenças nos rendimentos dos trabalhadores e até que ponto são afectados por outros factores? Finalmente, como é que a redistribuição governamental através do sistema de benefícios fiscais afecta estas tendências?

Book Review: OECD, Growing Unequal? Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries:

The Dignity of Working Men: Morality and the Boundaries of Race, Class, and Immigration. Michele Lamont New York: Russell Sage Foundation and Harvard University Press, 2000. 391 pp.

The Dignity of Working Men: Morality and the Boundaries of Race, Class, and Immigration.

Marx’s favourite author was reputedly Balzac, an author not of the left, but one who accurately reflected relations within the bourgeoisie. Trotsky similarly cautioned against judging art by the political positions of the creators. This book has neither the redeeming feature of good politics, nor that of good prose. There are occasional passages which made me laugh, but this reaction was almost certainly entirely against the author’s intention: there is little lightness, conscious humour or inspiration here.

Anmeldelse af Bo Rothstein: "Just Institutions Matter. The Moral and Political Logic of the Universal Welfare State

This article asks how ordinary people in Germany perceive and legitimize economic disparities in an era of rising income inequality. Based on in-depth qualitative interviews with respondents from higher and lower social classes, the paper reconstructs the ‘moral economy’ that underlies popular views of inequality. While respondents agree with abstract inegalitarian principles—i.e. income differentiation based on merit—they are concerned with specific instances of inequality, especially poverty and wealth. These are criticized because they are seen to imply intolerable deviations, both upwards and downwards, from a way of living presumed as universal, thereby fostering a segregation of life-worlds and social disintegration. Thus, perceptions of injustice do not seem to be based on the existence of income inequality as such, but rather on the view that economic disparities threaten the social bond.

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The moral economy of inequality: popular views on income differentiation, poverty and wealth

Welfare regimes differ in their impact on social inequality in important ways. While previous research has explored the shape of stratification across nations and citizens’ normative attitudes towards inequality, scant attention has been given to citizens’ perceptions of actual stratification across welfare regimes. Using the 1999 International Social Survey Programme, we compare perceptions of inequality in Germany, Sweden, and the United States. More specifically, we ask how the stratification reality in each country is assessed by its citizens, whether it meets their stratification aspirations, and whether these perceptions differ systematically both across and within welfare regimes. Our results show that perceptions vary in a clear and meaningful way across countries as well as between different social groups within a given welfare regime. For instance, Americans are more likely to view society as unequal, but only slightly more likely to prefer that extent of inequality. Conversely, the Swedish clearly view their society as more equal than citizens in the United States and Germany, yet not nearly as equal as they would like it to be. Our multivariate results reveal important similarities and differences as well, such as socio-economic cleavages in the United States, and cleavages between labour market insiders and outsiders in Germany.

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The Welfare State and Equality? Stratification Realities and Aspirations in Three Welfare Regimes

This chapter analyzes the relationship between social justice and the welfare state from an institutional, social-structural, and attitudinal perspective. Drawing on David Miller’s distinction between equality, need, and merit and Gosta Esping-Andersen’s classification of social-democratic, liberal, and conservative welfare regimes, it elaborates (a) the differential emphasis welfare states give to core principles of social justice, (b) the extent to which they realize these principles through their programs and policies, (c) and what their citizens regard as just. Social-democratic welfare states stand out as distinctly egalitarian through a universal approach to social rights, low levels of poverty and inequality, and a strong egalitarianism of their citizenry. Liberal welfare states, by contrast, focus on meeting basic needs via targeted social policies, thus exhibiting high levels of poverty and inequality while citizens’ orientations display a pronounced liberalism. Conservative welfare regimes rely on social insurances to relate social benefits and contributions in a meritocratic way, involving medium levels of poverty and inequality and solid welfare state support. The concluding section discusses whether public understandings of social justice have changed in conjunction with major welfare state reforms that have occurred throughout the OECD and considers the implications for the future of the welfare state.

Social Justice and the Welfare State: Institutions, Outcomes, and Attitudes in Comparative Perspective

Deutungsmuster sozialer Ungleichheit: Wahrnehmung und Legitimation gesellschaftlicher Privilegierung und Benachteiligung

Subjektorientierte Ansatze der Sozialstrukturanalyse wie die Milieu- und Lebensstilforschung beanspruchen, subjektiv bedeutsame Anker der sozialen Identifikation zu erfassen. Der Beitrag argumentiert, dass sie diesen Anspruch nur unvollstandig einlcsen und schlagt das Konzept der „symbolischen Grenzziehungen“ als erganzenden Ansatz vor. Anhand von ALLBUS-Daten und qualitativen Interviews werden lebensweltliche Identifikations- und Abgrenzungsprozesse empirisch untersucht und drei Arten symbolischer Grenzziehungen – soziookonomische, kulturelle und moralische – in der deutschen Sozialstruktur nachgezeichnet. Wahrend sich hohere Schichten anhand ihrer soziookonomischen Lage und ihrer kulturellen Praktiken definieren, verweisen niedrigere Schichten auf solidarische Moralvorstellungen. Diese Selbstdefinitionen dienen zugleich der Abgrenzung, indem anderen die sich selbst zugeschriebenen Eigenschaften abgesprochen werden. Die Ergebnisse illustrieren die Mehrdimensionalitat und Schichtspezifik sozialer Identifikationsprozesse und lassen sich mit sozialpsychologischen Theorien sozialer Identitat erklaren.

Patrick Sachweh

Papers

The moral economy of inequality: popular views on income differentiation, poverty and wealth

The Welfare State and Equality? Stratification Realities and Aspirations in Three Welfare Regimes

Social Justice and the Welfare State: Institutions, Outcomes, and Attitudes in Comparative Perspective

Deutungsmuster sozialer Ungleichheit: Wahrnehmung und Legitimation gesellschaftlicher Privilegierung und Benachteiligung

Symbolische Grenzziehungen und subjektorientierte Sozialstrukturanalyse. Eine empirische Untersuchung aus einer Mixed-Methods-Perspektive