ライブラリー Annual Energy Outlook 2000

Smart technologies for promotion of energy efficiency, utilization of sustainable resources and waste management

To reduce the dependence on oil and environmental pollution, the development of electric vehicles has been accelerated in many countries. The implementation of EVs, especially battery electric vehicles, is considered a solution to the energy crisis and environmental issues. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the technical development of EVs and emerging technologies for their future application. Key technologies regarding batteries, charging technology, electric motors and control, and charging infrastructure of EVs are summarized. This paper also highlights the technical challenges and emerging technologies for the improvement of efficiency, reliability, and safety of EVs in the coming stages as another contribution.

/pdf/technology-development-of-electric-vehicles-a-review-41lypxy17x.pdf

Technology development of electric vehicles: A review

Overview on hybrid solar photovoltaic-electrical energy storage technologies for power supply to buildings

https://eprints.ncl.ac.uk/file_store/production/239452/1467580F-3551-4096-A3D0-D0FF84859BCD.pdf

Analysing the usage and evidencing the importance of fast chargers for the adoption of battery electric vehicles

Electric vehicles revisited: a review of factors that affect adoption

Integrating electric vehicles and residential solar PV

Electric Vehicles (EVs) reduce or entirely negate gasoline or diesel use in the vehicle itself through integration with the electric grid. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) can draw from a battery as well as liquid fuel. Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) are solely powered through electricity. Both provide the opportunity for power-sharing with the electric grid and can potentially ease the integration of sources of intermittent renewable energy. EVs are also a potentially important technology to help reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, local air pollution, and vehicular noise. In recognition of these benefits, the U.S. in 2009 set a goal of putting one million electric vehicles (EVs) on the road by 2015. As of the end of 2014, approximately 290,000 EVs have been purchased in the U.S. About 3,000 of those are in Hawaii which makes it one of the highest, along with California, in shares of new BEV sales in the country. This paper provides a review of studies on the factors that affect EV adoption. These factors are organized as internal and external factors, meaning characteristics of the EV vehicle itself and those that are out of the direct control of EV car manufacturers. Internal factors include battery costs, purchase price, driving range, and charging time. External factors include fuel prices, policy incentives, consumer characteristics, availability of charging stations, travel distance, public visibility, and vehicle diversity. Policy mechanisms available to support EV adoption are also reviewed, including subsidies and other incentives, supporting infrastructure build-up and raising awareness. This report also discusses literature findings regarding the role these factors play in EV adoption – with an emphasis on impacts in Hawaii. Studies that develop forecasts of EV adoption over time are also reviewed and harmonized in this report. Focusing on the literature for diffusion models, a set of forecasts that represent low, reference, and high EV adoption were selected. Diffusion models estimate rates of technology acceptance based on technology cost decline, marketing and other social factors. Applying these literature-based forecasts to Hawaii-specific EV and car sales data, a preliminary forecast of potential EV adoption in Hawaii is provided. Estimates are that there will be 140,000 EVs on the road in Hawaii by the year 2040 in the reference scenario. In the low scenario, the estimate is 110,000 and, in the high scenario, 280,000. Future research will be conducted to better understand the uniqueness of Hawaii’s economy and geography and how it affects EV ownership cost and likely EV adoption over time.

/pdf/factors-affecting-ev-adoption-a-literature-review-and-ev-3p5vb6sxno.pdf

Factors Affecting EV Adoption: A Literature Review and EV Forecast for Hawaii

An assessment of greenhouse gas emissions-weighted clean energy standards

This study builds on the model presented by Raustad and Fairey (2014) for “Electric Vehicle Life Cycle Cost Assessment” and tailors findings for the case of Hawaii. Raustad and Fairey (2014) developed an excel spreadsheet model calculating total lifetime ownership costs for vehicles, which includes purchase/finance, insurance, maintenance, and fuel costs as well as resale value. The time frames considered are 5, 10 and 15 years of ownership. It also has a module to assess the impact of vehicle owners having access to residential solar photovoltaic (PV) power to reduce electric vehicle (EV) ownership costs. In this work, extensions are made to assess decisions regarding vehicle leasing as well as to analyze Hawaii’s largest utility’s pilot and proposed “time-of-use” (TOU) rates for households with EVs.

/pdf/electric-vehicle-lifecycle-cost-assessment-for-hawaii-1wgrpaculp.pdf

Paul Bernstein

Papers

Electric vehicles revisited: a review of factors that affect adoption

Integrating electric vehicles and residential solar PV

Factors Affecting EV Adoption: A Literature Review and EV Forecast for Hawaii

An assessment of greenhouse gas emissions-weighted clean energy standards

Electric Vehicle Lifecycle Cost Assessment for Hawaii