Vaccination is one of the great achievements of the 20th century, yet persistent public-health problems include inadequate, delayed, and unstable vaccination uptake. Psychology offers three general propositions for understanding and intervening to increase uptake where vaccines are available and affordable. The first proposition is that thoughts and feelings can motivate getting vaccinated. Hundreds of studies have shown that risk beliefs and anticipated regret about infectious disease correlate reliably with getting vaccinated; low confidence in vaccine effectiveness and concern about safety correlate reliably with not getting vaccinated. We were surprised to find that few randomized trials have successfully changed what people think and feel about vaccines, and those few that succeeded were minimally effective in increasing uptake. The second proposition is that social processes can motivate getting vaccinated. Substantial research has shown that social norms are associated with vaccination, but few int...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1529100618760521

Increasing Vaccination: Putting Psychological Science Into Action:

Background Monitoring the reasons why a considerable number of people do not receive recommended vaccinations allows identification of important trends over time, and designing and evaluating strategies to address vaccine hesitancy and increase vaccine uptake. Existing validated measures assessing vaccine hesitancy focus primarily on confidence in vaccines and the system that delivers them. However, empirical and theoretical work has stated that complacency (not perceiving diseases as high risk), constraints (structural and psychological barriers), calculation (engagement in extensive information searching), and aspects pertaining to collective responsibility (willingness to protect others) also play a role in explaining vaccination behavior. The objective was therefore to develop a validated measure of these 5C psychological antecedents of vaccination. Methods and findings Three cross-sectional studies were conducted. Study 1 uses factor analysis to develop an initial scale and assesses the sub-scales' convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity (N = 1,445, two German convenience-samples). In Study 2, a sample representative regarding age and gender for the German population (N = 1,003) completed the measure for vaccination in general and for specific vaccinations to assess the potential need for a vaccine-specific wording of items. Study 3 compared the novel scale's performance with six existing measures of vaccine hesitancy (N = 350, US convenience-sample). As an outcome, a long (15-item) and short (5-item) 5C scale were developed as reliable and valid indicators of confidence, complacency, constraints, calculation, and collective responsibility. The 5C sub-scales correlated with relevant psychological concepts, such as attitude (confidence), perceived personal health status and invulnerability (complacency), self-control (constraints), preference for deliberation (calculation), and communal orientation (collective responsibility), among others. The new scale provided similar results when formulated in a general vs. vaccine-specific way (Study 2). In a comparison of seven measures the 5C scale was constantly among the scales that explained the highest amounts of variance in analyses predicting single vaccinations (between 20% and 40%; Study 3). The present studies are limited to the concurrent validity of the scales. Conclusions The 5C scale provides a novel tool to monitor psychological antecedents of vaccination and facilitates diagnosis, intervention design and evaluation. Its short version is suitable for field settings and regular global monitoring of relevant antecedents of vaccination.

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Beyond confidence: Development of a measure assessing the 5C psychological antecedents of vaccination.

Despite being recognized as one of the most successful public health measures, vaccination is perceived as unsafe and unnecessary by a growing number of parents. Anti-vaccination movements have been implicated in lowered vaccine acceptance rates and in the increase in vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks and epidemics. In this review, we will look at determinants of parental decision-making about vaccination and provide an overview of the history of anti-vaccination movements and its clinical impact.

Vaccine hesitancy, vaccine refusal and the anti-vaccine movement: influence, impact and implications

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/244203.pdf

Measuring vaccine hesitancy: The development of a survey tool

To this point, the anthropology of Christianity has largely failed to develop. When anthropologists study Christians, they do not see themselves as contributing to a broad comparative enterprise in the way those studying other world religions do. A close reading of the Comaroffs’ Of Revelation and Revolution illustrates the ways in which anthropologists sideline Christianity and leads to a discussion of reasons the anthropology of Christianity has languished. While it is possible to locate the cause in part in the culture of anthropology, with its emphasis on difference, problems also exist at the theoretical level. Most anthropological theories emphasize cultural continuity as opposed to discontinuity and change. This emphasis becomes problematic where Christianity is concerned, because many kinds of Christianity stress radical change and expect it to occur. Confronted by people claiming that radical Christian change has occurred in their lives, anthropologists become suspicious and often explain away th...

https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/508690

Continuity thinking and the problem of christian culture : Belief, time, and the anthropology of christianity

Despite being recognized as one of the most successful public health measures, vaccination is perceived as unsafe and unnecessary by a growing number of individuals. Lack of confidence in vaccines is now considered a threat to the success of vaccination programs. Vaccine hesitancy is believed to be responsible for decreasing vaccine coverage and an increasing risk of vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks and epidemics. This review provides an overview of the phenomenon of vaccine hesitancy. First, we will characterize vaccine hesitancy and suggest the possible causes of the apparent increase in vaccine hesitancy in the developed world. Then we will look at determinants of individual decision-making about vaccination.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/hv.24657

Vaccine hesitancy: An overview

Contents Preface vii About the Editors x Contributors x Chapter One: Beyond Christian Canada: Religion and Ethnicity in a Multicultural Society 1 Paul BramadatPART ONE:ETHNIC IDENTITY AND RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIESChapter Two:Hindus in Canada: Negotiating Identity in a "Different" Homeland 30 Sikata Banerjee and Harold CowardChapter Three:Sikhs in Canada: Identity and Commitment 52 Cynthia Keppley MahmoodChapter Four:Buddhists in Canada: Impermanence in a Land of Change 69 Mathieu BoisvertChapter Five:The Chinese in Canada: Their Unrecognized Religion 89 David Chuenyan Lai, Jordan Paper, and Li Chuang PaperChapter Six:Jews in Canada: A Travelling Cantor on the Prairie, and Other Pictures of Canadian Jewish Life 111 Norman RavvinChapter Seven:Muslims in Canada: From Ethnic Groups to Religious Community 133 Sheila McDonough and Homa HoodfarPART TWO: IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC POLICYChapter Eight:Religion and Public Policy: Immigration, Citizenship, and Multiculturalism-Guess Who's Coming to Dinner? 154 John Biles and Humera IbrahimChapter Nine:Education, Multiculturalism, and Religion 178 David SeljakChapter Ten:Health Care, Religion, and Ethnic Diversity in Canada 201 Peter H. StephensonChapter Eleven:Toward a New Story about Religion and Ethnicity in Canada 222 Paul Bramadat and David SeljakAppendix:Demographics of Religious Identification in Canada 235 Compiled by Peter Beyer Index 241

Religion and Ethnicity in Canada

Academics and non-academics alike have been intrigued by conservative Protestant groups that thrive in secular social and institutional contexts. This book offers an ethnographic study of one such group, the Inter-Varsity Christian Fellowship (IVCF) at McMaster University. These conservative Protestants espouse fundamental interpretations of the Bible, women's roles, the age of the earth, alcohol consumption, sexual ethics, and the necessity of a personal relationship with Jesus Christ. How does this tiny minority function withing the overwhelmingly secular context of the university? The strategies of the ICVF seem both to strengthen and to mitigate evangelicals' sense of difference from their non-Christian teachers and peers. Bramadat suggests that this model can also be useful for understanding the construction of individual and group identity among other minority groups, both religious and non-religious models.

The Church on the World's Turf: An Evangelical Christian Group at a Secular University

Contributors include Veit Bader (University of Amsterdam), Paul Bramadat (University of Victoria), Desmond Cahill (Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology), Jocelyne Cesari (CNRS, France & Harvard University), Mark Juergensmeyer (University of California, Santa Barbara), Matthias Koenig (University of Gottingen), Will Kymlicka (Queen's University), Peggy Levitt (Wellesley College), Micheline Milot (University of Quebec at Montreal), Julia Mourao Permoser (University of Vienna), Joanna Pfaff-Czarnecka (University of Bielefeld), Sieglinde Rosenberger (University of Vienna), and Paul Weller (University of Derby)

Paul Bramadat

Papers

Vaccine hesitancy: An overview

Religion and Ethnicity in Canada

The Church on the World's Turf: An Evangelical Christian Group at a Secular University

International migration and the governance of religious diversity

Christianity and Ethnicity in Canada