Cultivation, photobioreactor design and harvesting of microalgae for biodiesel production: A critical review

The global population is increasing and because of this, the world may experience great fresh water scarcity. Our water resources are limited and, hence, water treatment and recycling methods are the only alternatives for getting fresh water in the coming decades. Therefore, there is a great need for the development of a suitable, inexpensive and rapid wastewater treatment techniques and reuse or conservation methods in the present century. The different types of water treatment and recycling techniques have been discussed in terms of their basic principles, applications, costs, maintenance and suitability. Additionally, a systematic approach to water treatment and recycling involving their understanding, evaluation and selection parameters has been presented. A brief guideline for the selection of the appropriate technologies for specific applications has been evaluated. This review adds to the global discussions on water scarcity solutions.

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Chemical treatment technologies for waste-water recycling—an overview

Natural organic matter removal by coagulation during drinking water treatment: A review

Microalgae dewatering is a major obstruction to industrial-scale processing of microalgae for biofuel production. The dilute nature of harvested microalgal cultures creates a huge operational cost during dewatering, thereby, rendering algae-based fuels less economically attractive. Currently there is no superior method of dewatering microalgae. A technique that may result in a greater algal biomass may have drawbacks such as a high capital cost or high energy consumption. The choice of which harvesting technique to apply will depend on the species of microalgae and the final product desired. Algal properties such as a large cell size and the capability of the microalgae to autoflocculate can simplify the dewatering process. This article reviews and addresses the various technologies currently used for dewatering microalgal cultures along with a comparative study of the performances of the different technologies.

Dewatering of microalgal cultures: A major bottleneck to algae-based fuels

Microalgae dewatering is a major obstruction to industrial-scale processing of microalgae for biofuel prodn. The dil. nature of harvested microalgal cultures creates a huge operational cost during dewatering, thereby, rendering algae-based fuels less economically attractive. Currently there is no superior method of dewatering microalgae. A technique that may result in a greater algal biomass may have drawbacks such as a high capital cost or high energy consumption. The choice of which harvesting technique to apply will depend on the species of microalgae and the final product desired. Algal properties such as a large cell size and the capability of the microalgae to autoflocculate can simplify the dewatering process. This article reviews and addresses the various technologies currently used for dewatering microalgal cultures along with a comparative study of the performances of the different technologies.

Dewatering of microalgal cultures : a major bottleneck to algae-based fuels

Fundamentals, present and future perspectives of electrocoagulation.

Electrocoagulation mechanism for COD removal

Electrocoagulation (EC) has been known for more than a century. Applications in industries such as water and wastewater treatment processes have been adapted for the removal of metals, nonmetals, suspended solids, organic compounds, COD (chemical oxygen demand), and BOD (biological oxygen demand). Iron electrodes have been preferred over aluminum due to their durability and cost. However, the electrochemical reactions occurring with EC using iron electrodes have not been systematically studied. For a better understanding of the mechanism and reactions for EC using iron electrodes, we present a review of the concept of green rust (GR) and its relationship to the current theory of EC. Experimental results obtained by measuring pH at different zones near the iron electrodes during the EC process are detailed, and are used to illustrate the mechanism and reactions that occur at both the anode and the cathode. The mechanism and reactions presented explain phenomena associated with EC and are congruent with sol...

Electrochemical Reactions for Electrocoagulation Using Iron Electrodes

Electrocoagulation (EC) has been known for more than a century. Applications in industries as a water and wastewater treatment process have been adapted for the removal of metals, non metals, suspended solids, organic compounds, COD and BOD. Iron electrodes have been preferred over aluminum due to their durability and cost. However, the electrochemical reactions occurring with EC using iron electrodes have not been systematically studied. For a better understanding of the mechanism and reactions for EC using iron electrodes, we present a review of the concept of green rust (GR) and its relationship to the current theory of EC. Experimental results obtained by measuring pH at different zones near the iron electrodes during the EC process are detailed, and are used to illustrate the mechanism and reactions that occur at both, the anode and cathode. Mechanism and reactions presented explain phenomena associated with EC and are congruent with solubility and Pourbaix diagrams.

Paul Morkovsky

Papers

Fundamentals, present and future perspectives of electrocoagulation.

Electrocoagulation mechanism for COD removal

Electrochemical Reactions for Electrocoagulation Using Iron Electrodes

Electrochemistry behind Electrocoagulation using Iron Electrodes

Electrochemical Generation of Green Rust using Electrocoagulation