Definition: To what extent does the study allow us to draw conclusions about a causal effect between two or more constructs? Issues: Selection, maturation, history, mortality, testing, regression towrd the mean, selection by maturation, treatment by mortality, treatment by testing, measured treatment variables Increase: Eliminate the threats, above all do experimental manipulations, random assignment, and counterbalancing.

Reliability and validity

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Handbook Of Psychological Testing

Synopsis During the last decade, there has been a growing body of literature suggesting that proximal factors may play a contributory role with respect to knee injuries. A review of the biomechanical and clinical studies in this area indicates that impaired muscular control of the hip, pelvis, and trunk can affect tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joint kinematics and kinetics in multiple planes. In particular, there is evidence that motion impairments at the hip may underlie injuries such as anterior cruciate ligament tears, iliotibial band syndrome, and patellofemoral joint pain. In addition, the literature suggests that females may be more disposed to proximal influences than males. Based on the evidence presented as part of this clinical commentary, it can be argued that interventions which address proximal impairments may be beneficial for patients who present with various knee conditions. More specifically, a biomechanical argument can be made for the incorporation of pelvis and trunk stability, as we...

https://www.jospt.org/doi/pdf/10.2519/jospt.2010.3337

The Influence of Abnormal Hip Mechanics on Knee Injury: A Biomechanical Perspective

Gait analysis using wearable sensors is an inexpensive, convenient, and efficient manner of providing useful information for multiple health-related applications. As a clinical tool applied in the rehabilitation and diagnosis of medical conditions and sport activities, gait analysis using wearable sensors shows great prospects. The current paper reviews available wearable sensors and ambulatory gait analysis methods based on the various wearable sensors. After an introduction of the gait phases, the principles and features of wearable sensors used in gait analysis are provided. The gait analysis methods based on wearable sensors is divided into gait kinematics, gait kinetics, and electromyography. Studies on the current methods are reviewed, and applications in sports, rehabilitation, and clinical diagnosis are summarized separately. With the development of sensor technology and the analysis method, gait analysis using wearable sensors is expected to play an increasingly important role in clinical applications.

/pdf/gait-analysis-using-wearable-sensors-x1b4m112uw.pdf

Gait analysis using wearable sensors.

노인 통증사정을 위한 한국어 판 Short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire [SF-MPQ]의 신뢰도와 타당도

What proportion of people with hip and knee osteoarthritis meet physical activity guidelines? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

http://www.cpaqv.org/mtpmh/artigos/webster.pdf

Kinematic gait characteristics associated with patellofemoral pain syndrome: A systematic review

The purpose of this study was to measure the salivary cortisol response to different intensities of resistance exercise. In addition, we wanted to determine the reliability of the session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale to monitor resistance exercise intensity. Subjects (8 men, 9 women) completed 2 trials of acute resistance training bouts in a counterbalanced design. The high intensity resistance exercise protocol consisted of six, ten-repetition sets using 75% of one repetition maximum (RM) on a Smith machine squat and bench press exercise (12 sets total). The low intensity resistance exercise protocol consisted of three, ten-repetition sets at 30% of 1RM of the same exercises as the high intensity protocol. Both exercise bouts were performed with 2 minutes of rest between each exercise and sessions were repeated to test reliability of the measures. The order of the exercise bouts was randomized with least 72 hours between each session. Saliva samples were obtained immediately before, immediately after and 30 mins following each resistance exercise bout. RPE measures were obtained using Borg's CR-10 scale following each set. Also, the session RPE for the entire exercise session was obtained 30 minutes following completion of the session. There was a significant 97% increase in the level of salivary cortisol immediately following the high intensity exercise session (P<0.05). There was also a significant difference in salivary cortisol of 145% between the low intensity and high intensity exercise session immediately post-exercise (P<0.05). The low intensity exercise did not result in any significant changes in cortisol levels. There was also a significant difference between the session RPE values for the different intensity levels (high intensity 7.1 vs. low intensity 1.9) (P<0.05). The intraclass correlation coefficient for the session RPE measure was 0.95. It was concluded that the session RPE method is a valid and reliable method of quantifying resistance exercise and that salivary cortisol responds promptly to the exercise load. Key PointsThe present study showed that salivary cortisol responses were significantly different immediately post exercise between the low intensity and high intensity exercise sessionsSalivary measures of cortisol can be used to delineate between high and low intensity resistance exercise bouts.The session RPE method appears to be a reliable method of quantifying resistance exercise.

https://www.jssm.org/hfpdf.php?volume=03&issue=1&page=8

An evaluation of the rearfoot posture in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome.

A comparison of foot kinematics in people with normal- and flat-arched feet using the Oxford Foot Model

Study Design Case-control and reliability study. Objectives To compare foot and ankle characteristics between individuals with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) and to identify reliable weight-bearing foot and ankle measurements for use in future research on PFPS. Background PFPS is a common presentation to sports medicine and orthopaedic clinics. Characteristics of the foot and ankle are often linked with PFPS development, although evidence to support this link is equivocal and there is a lack of consensus on how best to evaluate these characteristics. Methods A variety of weight-bearing foot and ankle measurements were evaluated by 3 raters of varying experience in 20 individuals with PFPS and 20 controls matched by age, sex, height, and body mass. Between-group comparisons were made for each measurement using data from an experienced podiatrist blinded to group assignment of the participants. Intrarater and interrater reliability was compared between all measurements using the first 15 pa...

https://www.jospt.org/doi/pdf/10.2519/jospt.2010.3227

Pazit Levinger

Papers

What proportion of people with hip and knee osteoarthritis meet physical activity guidelines? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Kinematic gait characteristics associated with patellofemoral pain syndrome: A systematic review

An evaluation of the rearfoot posture in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome.

A comparison of foot kinematics in people with normal- and flat-arched feet using the Oxford Foot Model

Foot and Ankle Characteristics in Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Case Control and Reliability Study