Improving drug solubility for oral delivery using solid dispersions.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1021/js980403l

Solid dispersion of poorly water‐soluble drugs: Early promises, subsequent problems, and recent breakthroughs

In the laser treatment of a workpiece (9), e.g. for surface hardening, melting, alloying, cladding, welding or cutting, the adverse effect of reflectivity of the surface, when a pure, monochromatic laser (6) is used, is remedied by the simultaneous application of a relatively shorter wavelength beam (1). The two beams (1)(5) may be combined by a beam coupler (4) or may reach the workpiece (9) by separate optical paths (not shown). The shorter wavelength beam (1) improves the coupling efficiency of the higher- powered laser beam (5).

Laser Material Processing

A review of heat treatment on polyacrylonitrile fiber

http://www.celsius.co.kr/phase_change_materials/download/energy/Phase_Change_Materials_for_Smart_Textiles.pdf

Phase change materials for smart textiles – An overview

The aqueous solubility of the pesticide 2,4-D was improved by inclusion complexation with α-CD. The formation of such inclusion compounds was studied via the phase-solubility diagram (solution state) and by DSC and HSM (solid state). 2,4-D presented a typical Bs Higuchi solubility curve, coprecipitating a 1:2 pesticide-α-CD complex. In order to obtain solid complexes, three processing methods were checked: kneading, coprecipitation and spray-drying. DSC and HSM showed that only the last two of these yielded true inclusion compounds. Chemical analysis also revealed that the stoichiometry of such solid complexes corresponds to a 2,4-D-α-CD ratio of 1:2.

2,4-D-α-Cyclodextrin Complexes

The principal aim of this work is to examine the effect of thermal treatments using a muffle furnace (static heating) and by simultaneous TG/DTA (dynamic heating) on selected greenhouse crops plant biomass investigated here as the first time. The effect of fractionation by sieving (<25 and <2.5 mm), preheating at 150 °C for 48 h and leaching with water on the thermal behavior has been studied. The observation of similar profiles of mass variation corresponding to several samples heated in air up to 1150 °C allows to conclude that particle size did not influence the thermal evolution, but the effect of heating cycle is evidenced. Thermal analysis in air of a representative sample showed the several mass variation steps and DTA exothermic effects produced by the complex thermal decomposition and pyrolysis of the organic matter. Elemental analysis (CHNS and O) of the starting samples and thermally treated revealed the effect of the temperature, with formation of ashes with lower C content from 44.37 to 0.70 mass% as a minimum after elimination of organic matter by heating. Leaching increased the thermal mass variation as an effect of elimination of water-soluble components. According to the present results, the size fractionation of the greenhouse crops biomass did not influence the results of elemental composition. The present study has provided results of interest concerning this biomass source of renewable energy originated by the remains of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), being estimated the highest of all the biomass produced by the greenhouse crops agricultural industry in Almeria (SE Spain).

Thermal study of residues from greenhouse crops plant biomass

In the preparation of Si–M–O–N ceramics (M = Al, Mg), liquid acrylonitrile was intercalated in an alkylammonium vermiculite, polymerized in situ and carboreduced under a nitrogen flow. Magnesium silicon nitride, β-silicon nitride and β-sialon with fibre morphology were produced at 1400 °C.

Synthesis of nitrogen ceramics from a new vermiculite–polyacrylonitrile intercalation compound by carbothermal reduction

Thermal evolution of TiO2ZrO2 composites prepared by chemical coating processing

A characterization of ashes obtained by thermal treatments on greenhouse crops plant biomass residues is presented. The chemical analysis, by X-ray fluorescence (wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence), and phase analysis, by X-ray diffraction, of the resultant ashes are reported. Thermal treatments of selected samples of these residues increase the relative amounts of inorganic Mg, Si, P, and S in the ashes, being these amounts as high as increasing temperature. As an opposite effect, Na, Cl, and K contents decrease as increasing temperature by a volatilization process of the chlorides, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The crystalline phase analysis of the ashes demonstrates the formation of inorganic constituents of the biomass, including alkaline chlorides and calcium salts (calcite, anhydrite, and apatite). Progressive thermal treatments induce the formation of new silicate phases (akermanite and grossularite) and silica (α-quartz and cristobalite). Furthermore, the particle size of the starting biomass samples does not influence the evolution of the crystalline phases by thermal treatments. In contrast, a previous leaching using water and subsequent heating at 1,000 °C produces the formation of periclase (MgO), lime (CaO), and the silicate gehlenite, without the presence of anhydrite. This study is interesting for future investigations on the residues as a profitable biomass source for energy production and sustainable large-scale management. Some potential applications of the resultant ashes can be proposed.

Pedro José Sánchez-Soto

Papers

2,4-D-α-Cyclodextrin Complexes

Thermal study of residues from greenhouse crops plant biomass

Synthesis of nitrogen ceramics from a new vermiculite–polyacrylonitrile intercalation compound by carbothermal reduction

Thermal evolution of TiO2ZrO2 composites prepared by chemical coating processing

Characterization of ashes from greenhouse crops plant biomass residues using X‐ray fluorescence analysis and X‐ray diffraction