Mortality after all major types of osteoporotic fracture in men and women: an observational study

Biomaterial developments for bone tissue engineering

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Collagen – biomaterial for drug delivery

This systematic literature review has shown that patients experiencing hip fracture after low-impact trauma are at considerable excess risk for death compared with nonhip fracture/community control populations. The increased mortality risk may persist for several years thereafter, highlighting the need for interventions to reduce this risk.Patients experiencing hip fracture after low-impact trauma are at considerable risk for subsequent osteoporotic fractures and premature death. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to identify all studies that reported unadjusted and excess mortality rates for hip fracture. Although a lack of consistent study design precluded any formal meta-analysis or pooled analysis of the data, we have shown that hip fracture is associated with excess mortality (over and above mortality rates in nonhip fracture/community control populations) during the first year after fracture ranging from 8.4% to 36%. In the identified studies, individuals experienced an increased relative risk for mortality following hip fracture that was at least double that for the age-matched control population, became less pronounced with advancing age, was higher among men than women regardless of age, was highest in the days and weeks following the index fracture, and remained elevated for months and perhaps even years following the index fracture. These observations show that patients are at increased risk for premature death for many years after a fragility-related hip fracture and highlight the need to identify those patients who are candidates for interventions to reduce their risk.

Excess mortality following hip fracture: a systematic epidemiological review

We prospectively studied 367 patients who had a fracture of the hip, to determine the effect of an operative delay on postoperative complications and on the one-year mortality rate. All of the patients were at least sixty-five years old, cognitively intact, living at home, and able to walk before the fracture. An operative delay was defined as an interval of three calendar days or more between the time of admission to the hospital and the operation. The operation was performed within two calendar days after admission in 267 (73 per cent) of the patients. When the factors of the patient's age and sex and the number of pre-existing medical conditions were controlled, it was found that an operative delay beyond this period approximately doubled the risk of the patient dying before the end of the first postoperative year. When the patient's age and sex and the severity of pre-existing medical conditions were controlled, there was also an increase in mortality associated with an operative delay, although this was not significant. With the numbers studied, an operative delay beyond two calendar days did not have a significant effect on the prevalence of complications during hospitalization. We concluded that an operative delay of more than two calendar days after admission is an important predictor of mortality within one year for elderly patients who have a fracture of the hip and who are cognitively intact, able to walk, and living at home before the fracture. Optimally, such patients should have the operation within two calendar days after admission to the hospital.

Postoperative complications and mortality associated with operative delay in older patients who have a fracture of the hip.

Comparison of three-point bending test and peripheral quantitative computed tomography analysis in the evaluation of the strength of mouse femur and tibia

Bone mineral density (BMD) measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the main determinant of the clinical evaluation of hip fracture risk. However, it has been shown that BMD is not the only predictive factor for hip fracture, but that bone geometry is also important. We studied whether the combination of bone geometry and BMD could further improve the determination of hip fracture risk and fracture type. Seventy-four postmenopausal females (mean age 74 years) with a non-pathologic cervical or trochanteric hip fracture without previous hip fracture or hip surgery constituted the study group. Forty-nine had a cervical fracture (mean age 73 years) and 25 had a trochanteric fracture (mean age 76 years). The control group consisted of 40 age-matched females (mean age 74 years). The geometrical parameters were defined from plain anteroposterior radiographs, and the potential sources of inaccuracy were eliminated as far as possible by using a standardized patient position and calibrated dimension measurements with digital image analysis. BMD was measured at the femoral neck (FEBMD), Ward’s triangle (WABMD), and the trochanter (TRBMD). Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that the best predictor of hip fracture was the combination of medial calcar femoral cortex width (CFC), TRBMD, neck/shaft angle (NSA), and WABMD (r=0.72, r
 2=0.52, P<0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) for this model was 0.93, while the area under ROC for TRBMD alone was 0.81. At a specificity of 80%, sensitivity improved from 52.5% to 92.5% with this combination compared with TRBMD alone. The combined predictors of cervical and trochanteric fracture differed, being NSA, CFC, TRBMD, and WABMD for cervical and TRBMD and femoral shaft cortical thickness for trochanteric fracture. In addition, we found a statistically significant correlation between FEBMD and femoral shaft and femoral neck cortex width (r=0.40, P<0.01 and r=0.30, P<0.01, respectively). The results confirm that the combination of BMD and radiological measures of upper femur geometry improve the assessment of the risk of hip fracture and fracture type compared to BMD alone, and that bone geometry plays an important role in the evaluation of bone strength.

Combination of bone mineral density and upper femur geometry improves the prediction of hip fracture

The geometry of the upper femur has been reported to associate with the hip fracture risk in postmenopausal women. However, these associations seem to be partly conflicting, probably because of differences in measurement setup. Here, we compared the upper femur and pelvic geometries of 70 hip fracture patients (46 cervical and 24 trochanteric fractures) and 40 age-adjusted controls based on plain anteroposterior radiographs, eliminating the possible sources of inaccuracy as far as possible by using a standardized patient position and calibrated dimension measurements by digital image analysis. The femoral neck/shaft angle (NSA) was larger in the fracture patients compared with the controls (p < 0.001). The fracture group had thinner cortices in the upper femur than the controls (p < 0.001). The femoral shaft diameter (FSD; p < 0.001), trochanter width (TW; p < 0.01), and the pelvic dimensions, that is, the smallest outer pelvic diameter (SOPD; p < 0.01) and the largest inner pelvic diameter (LIPD; p < 0.05) were smaller in the fracture group. Comparing the fracture types, we found NSA larger in the cervical hip fracture patients than in the patients with a trochanteric fracture (p < 0.01). The femoral neck/shaft cortex ratio was lower and the FSD was smaller in the cervical hip fracture group (p < 0.05). Acetabular width (AW) was greater and the SOPD was wider in the cervical fracture patients (p < 0.01). We concluded that the upper femur and pelvic dimensions as defined from calibrated and position-standardized plain radiographs are useful in the evaluation of hip fracture risk and fracture type.

https://asbmr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.8.1540

Influence of the Upper Femur and Pelvic Geometry on the Risk and Type of Hip Fractures

(1999). Migration of Kirschner wires following fixation of the clavicle-a report of 2 cases. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica: Vol. 70, No. 5, pp. 517-519.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/17453679909000992

Migration of Kirschner wires following fixation of the clavicle--a report of 2 cases.

The aim of this prospective matched-pair (age, sex, fracture type, residential status, and walking ability at fracture) study was to analyse the short-term outcome after Gamma nail (GN) and dynamic hip screw (DHS) fixation, focusing especially on functional aspects (Standardised Audit of Hip Fractures in Europe [SAHFE] hip fracture follow-up forms), reoperations, and mortality. Both groups consisted of 134 patients. DHS and GN groups did not differ significantly with respect to location of residence at 4 months or returning to the prefracture dwelling (78% vs. 73%, P = 0.224). The change in walking ability at 4 months compared to prefracture situation was better in the DHS group (p = 0.042), although there was no difference in the change of use of walking aids. The frequency of reoperations during the first year was somewhat lower in the DHS group (8.2% vs. 12.7%, p = 0.318). Mortality was lower in the DHS group both at 4 months (6.0% vs. 13.4%, p = 0.061) and 12 months (14.9% vs. 23.9%, p = 0.044). Although walking ability was better and mortality lower in the DHS group, both methods are useful in the treatment of trochanteric femoral fractures.

Pekka Jalovaara

Papers

Comparison of three-point bending test and peripheral quantitative computed tomography analysis in the evaluation of the strength of mouse femur and tibia

Combination of bone mineral density and upper femur geometry improves the prediction of hip fracture

Influence of the Upper Femur and Pelvic Geometry on the Risk and Type of Hip Fractures

Migration of Kirschner wires following fixation of the clavicle--a report of 2 cases.

Functional comparison of the dynamic hip screw and the Gamma locking nail in trochanteric hip fractures: a matched-pair study of 268 patients.