Researchers have explored the benefits and applications of virtual reality (VR) in different scenarios. VR possesses much potential and its application in education has seen much research interest lately. However, little systematic work currently exists on how researchers have applied immersive VR for higher education purposes that considers the usage of both high-end and budget head-mounted displays (HMDs). Hence, we propose using systematic mapping to identify design elements of existing research dedicated to the application of VR in higher education. The reviewed articles were acquired by extracting key information from documents indexed in four scientific digital libraries, which were filtered systematically using exclusion, inclusion, semi-automatic, and manual methods. Our review emphasizes three key points: the current domain structure in terms of the learning contents, the VR design elements, and the learning theories, as a foundation for successful VR-based learning. The mapping was conducted between application domains and learning contents and between design elements and learning contents. Our analysis has uncovered several gaps in the application of VR in the higher education sphere—for instance, learning theories were not often considered in VR application development to assist and guide toward learning outcomes. Furthermore, the evaluation of educational VR applications has primarily focused on usability of the VR apps instead of learning outcomes and immersive VR has mostly been a part of experimental and development work rather than being applied regularly in actual teaching. Nevertheless, VR seems to be a promising sphere as this study identifies 18 application domains, indicating a better reception of this technology in many disciplines. The identified gaps point toward unexplored regions of VR design for education, which could motivate future work in the field.

A systematic review of immersive virtual reality applications for higher education: Design elements, lessons learned, and research agenda

Roles of artificial intelligence in construction engineering and management: A critical review and future trends

The use of head-mounted displays (HMD) for virtual reality (VR) application-based purposes including therapy, rehabilitation, and training is increasing. Despite advancements in VR technologies, many users still experience sickness symptoms. VR sickness may be influenced by technological differences within HMDs such as resolution and refresh rate, however, VR content also plays a significant role. The primary objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the literature on HMDs that report Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) scores to determine the impact of content. User factors associated with VR sickness were also examined. A systematic search was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Fifty-five articles met inclusion criteria, representing 3,016 participants (mean age range 19.5-80; 41% female). Findings show gaming content recorded the highest total SSQ mean 34.26 (95%CI 29.57-38.95). VR sickness profiles were also influenced by visual stimulation, locomotion and exposure times. Older samples (mean age ≥35 years) scored significantly lower total SSQ means than younger samples, however, these findings are based on a small evidence base as a limited number of studies included older users. No sex differences were found. Across all types of content, the pooled total SSQ mean was relatively high 28.00 (95%CI 24.66-31.35) compared with recommended SSQ cut-off scores. These findings are of relevance for informing future research and the application of VR in different contexts.

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Factors Associated With Virtual Reality Sickness in Head-Mounted Displays: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/preview/5974350/1-s2.0-S1474034620300914-main.pdf

A research agenda for augmented and virtual reality in architecture, engineering and construction

purpose of visualizing and analyzing geographically referenced information. Many have characterized GIS as one of the most powerful of all information technologies because it focuses on integrating knowledge from multiple sources (for example, as layers within a map) and creates a crosscutting environment for collaboration. In addition, GIS is attractive to most people who encounter it because it is both intuitive and cognitive. It combines a powerful visualization environment—using maps to communicate and visualize—with a strong analytic and modeling framework that is rooted in the science of geography. This combination has resulted in a technology that is science based, trusted, and easily communicated using maps and other geographic views. As you get started using ArcGIS, it will be important to understand a few GIS fundamentals and how ArcGIS brings these to life when you use the software. In this section, you will read about some key aspects of GIS and how geographic information models build on a series of key map concepts.

Geographic Information System.

Virtual Reality (VR) has been rapidly recognized and implemented in construction engineering education and training (CEET) in recent years due to its benefits of providing an engaging and immersive environment. The objective of this review is to critically collect and analyze the VR applications in CEET, aiming at all VR-related journal papers published from 1997 to 2017. The review follows a three-stage analysis on VR technologies, applications and future directions through a systematic analysis. It is found that the VR technologies adopted for CEET evolve over time, from desktop-based VR, immersive VR, 3D game-based VR, to Building Information Modelling (BIM)-enabled VR. A sibling technology, Augmented Reality (AR), for CEET adoptions has also emerged in recent years. These technologies have been applied in architecture and design visualization, construction health and safety training, equipment and operational task training, as well as structural analysis. Future research directions, including the integration of VR with emerging education paradigms and visualization technologies, have also been provided. The findings are useful for both researchers and educators to usefully integrate VR in their education and training programs to improve the training performance.

A critical review of the use of virtual reality in construction engineering education and training

Integration of BIM and GIS: Geometry from IFC to shapefile using open-source technology

Adopting lean thinking in virtual reality-based personalized operation training using value stream mapping

Facility structures in liquefied natural gas (LNG) plants require tremendous amounts of scaffolding to facilitate relevant industrial operation and maintenance. As such, the productivity of scaffolding operations in turnaround maintenance (TAM) has attracted much attention in recent years. In addition, health and safety issues have been recognised as a key contributor along with productivity improvement in the LNG industry. This study aims to integrate work posture analysis into value stream mapping to achieve an optimised and balanced improvement in both productivity and health and safety.,A case study approach is adopted to integrate lean and work posture analysis in a TAM site. The lean improvement is conducted through value stream mapping, and the work posture analysis is conducted through the Ovako Working Posture Analysis System method. A three-step optimisation strategy is then developed for achieving optimised performance in waste reduction and work posture improvement.,It is found that the implementation of value stream mapping can help eliminate waste in the installation process, therefore eliminating potential health and safety risks. However, health and safety of onsite workers does not always improve as lean implementation intensifies. There is an optimised erection schedule that has the lowest health and safety risk within a waste reduction target.,In contradiction to previous studies, which rely on qualitative assessment to identify the a positive correlation between lean and health and safety, this study reveals the distinct difference between lean attributes and health and safety attributes through a quantitative assessment and is more readily to be implemented at the site level for simultaneous improvement in lean and health and safety.

Developing optimal scaffolding erection through the integration of lean and work posture analysis

Building Information Modelling (BIM) could provide detailed 3D building models to Geographic Information Systems (GISs) for the emerging studies in smart cities/digital cities. During information exchange, Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) containing rich building information is the most used data format in BIM. However, GIS does not the capacity to directly consume the data in IFC due to data incompatibility between the two systems. Consequently, IFC files have to be transformed into a format that is accessible to GIS. Shapefile is one of them, given its popularity in geospatial science. This study tests the different formats and methods for transforming IFC to shapefile, assesses their performance, in order to offer a ranking, from which better decisions could be made when choosing an appropriate intermediate data format. The results show direct transformation from IFC to shapefile retained the most geometry and semantic information. If the direct transformation method does not work in some cases, 3DS, VRML, or SKP could be used as alternatives to retain most of the information, while DWG, DXF, KML, and KMZ should not be considered due to their poor performance in the test.

Peng Wang

Papers

A critical review of the use of virtual reality in construction engineering education and training

Integration of BIM and GIS: Geometry from IFC to shapefile using open-source technology

Adopting lean thinking in virtual reality-based personalized operation training using value stream mapping

Developing optimal scaffolding erection through the integration of lean and work posture analysis

An Assessment of Paths for Transforming IFC to Shapefile for Integration of BIM and GIS