Many network applications, eg, industrial control, demand ultra-low latency (ULL) However, traditional packet networks can only reduce the end-to-end latencies to the order of tens of milliseconds The IEEE 8021 time sensitive networking (TSN) standard and related research studies have sought to provide link layer support for ULL networking, while the emerging IETF deterministic networking (DetNet) standards seek to provide the complementary network layer ULL support This paper provides an up-to-date comprehensive survey of the IEEE TSN and IETF DetNet standards and the related research studies The survey of these standards and research studies is organized according to the main categories of flow concept, flow synchronization, flow management, flow control, and flow integrity ULL networking mechanisms play a critical role in the emerging fifth generation (5G) network access chain from wireless devices via access, backhaul, and core networks We survey the studies that specifically target the support of ULL in 5G networks, with the main categories of fronthaul, backhaul, and network management Throughout, we identify the pitfalls and limitations of the existing standards and research studies This survey can thus serve as a basis for the development of standards enhancements and future ULL research studies that address the identified pitfalls and limitations

Ultra-Low Latency (ULL) Networks: The IEEE TSN and IETF DetNet Standards and Related 5G ULL Research

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have attracted substantial research interest, especially in the context of performing monitoring and surveillance tasks. However, it is challenging to strike compelling tradeoffs amongst the various conflicting optimization criteria, such as the network’s energy dissipation, packet-loss rate, coverage, and lifetime. This paper provides a tutorial and survey of recent research and development efforts addressing this issue by using the technique of multi-objective optimization (MOO). First, we provide an overview of the main optimization objectives used in WSNs. Then, we elaborate on various prevalent approaches conceived for MOO, such as the family of mathematical programming-based scalarization methods, the family of heuristics/metaheuristics-based optimization algorithms, and a variety of other advanced optimization techniques. Furthermore, we summarize a range of recent studies of MOO in the context of WSNs, which are intended to provide useful guidelines for researchers to understand the referenced literature. Finally, we discuss a range of open problems to be tackled by future research.

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A Survey of Multi-Objective Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks: Metrics, Algorithms, and Open Problems

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구글 TensorFlow 소개

Device-to-device (D2D) communication presents a new paradigm in mobile networking to facilitate data exchange between physically proximate devices. The development of D2D is driven by mobile operators to harvest short range communications for improving network performance and supporting proximity-based services. In this paper, we investigate two fundamental and interrelated aspects of D2D communication, security and privacy, which are essential for the adoption and deployment of D2D. We present an extensive review of the state-of-the-art solutions for enhancing security and privacy in D2D communication. By summarizing the challenges, requirements, and features of different proposals, we identify lessons to be learned from existing studies and derive a set of “best practices.” The primary goal of our work is to equip researchers and developers with a better understanding of the underlying problems and the potential solutions for D2D security and privacy. To inspire follow-up research, we identify open problems and highlight future directions with regard to system and communication design. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review to address the fundamental security and privacy issues in D2D communication.

Security and Privacy in Device-to-Device (D2D) Communication: A Review

Software defined networking (SDN) decouples the control plane from the data plane of forwarding devices. This separation provides several benefits, including the simplification of network management and control. However, due to a variety of reasons, such as budget constraints and fear of downtime, many organizations are reluctant to fully deploy SDN. Partially deploying SDN through the placement of a limited number of SDN devices among legacy (traditional) network devices, forms a so-called hybrid SDN network. While hybrid SDN networks provide many of the benefits of SDN and have a wide range of applications, they also pose several challenges. These challenges have recently been addressed in a growing body of literature on hybrid SDN network structures and protocols. This paper presents a comprehensive up-to-date survey of the research and development in the field of hybrid SDN networks. We have organized the survey into five main categories, namely hybrid SDN network deployment strategies, controllers for hybrid SDN networks, protocols for hybrid SDN network management, traffic engineering mechanisms for hybrid SDN networks, as well as testing, verification, and security mechanisms for hybrid SDN networks. We thoroughly survey the existing hybrid SDN network studies according to this taxonomy and identify gaps and limitations in the existing body of research. Based on the outcomes of the existing research studies as well as the identified gaps and limitations, we derive guidelines for future research on hybrid SDN networks.

Hybrid SDN Networks: A Survey of Existing Approaches

Though providing an intrinsic secrecy, network coding is still vulnerable to eavesdropping attacks, by which an adversary may compromise the confidentiality of message content. Existing studies mainly deal with eavesdroppers that can intercept a lim-ited number of packets. However, real scenarios often consist of more capable adversaries, e.g., global eavesdroppers, which can defeat these techniques. In this paper, we propose P-Coding, a novel security scheme against eavesdropping attacks in network coding. With the lightweight permutation encryption performed on each message and its coding vector, P-Coding can efficiently thwart global eavesdroppers in a transparent way. Moreover, P-Coding is also featured in scalability and robustness, which enable it to be integrated into practical network coded systems. Security analysis and simulation results demonstrate the efficacy and efficiency of the P-Coding scheme.

P-Coding: Secure Network Coding against Eavesdropping Attacks

Network coding provides a promising alternative to traditional store-and-forward transmission paradigm. However, due to its information-mixing nature, network coding is notoriously susceptible to pollution attacks: a single polluted packet can end up corrupting bunches of good ones. Existing authentication mechanisms either incur high computation/bandwidth overheads, or cannot resist the tag pollution proposed recently. This paper presents a novel idea termed “padding for orthogonality” for network coding authentication. Inspired by it, we design a public-key based signature scheme and a symmetric-key based MAC scheme, which can both effectively contain pollution attacks at forwarders. In particular, we combine them to propose a unified scheme termed MacSig, the first hybrid-key cryptographic approach to network coding authentication. It can thwart both normal pollution and tag pollution attacks in an efficient way. Simulative results show that our MacSig scheme has a low bandwidth overhead, and a verification process 2–4 times faster than typical signature-based solutions in some circumstances.

Padding for orthogonality: Efficient subspace authentication for network coding

Software defined networking greatly simplifies network management by decoupling control functions from the network data plane. However, such a decoupling also opens SDN to various denial of service attacks: an adversary can easily exhaust network resources by flooding short-lived spoofed flows. Toward this issue, we present a comprehensive study of DoS attacks in SDN, and propose multi-layer fair queueing (MLFQ), a simple but effective DoS mitigation method. MLFQ enforces fair sharing of an SDN controller’s resources with multiple layers of queues, which can dynamically expand and aggregate according to controller load. Both testbed-based and emulation-based experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of MLFQ in mitigating DoS attacks targeted at SDN controllers.

On Denial of Service Attacks in Software Defined Networks

Energy saving is an important issue in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) Recent studies show that network coding can help reduce the energy consumption in MANETs by using less transmissions However, apart from transmission cost, there are other sources of energy consumption, eg, data encryption/decryption In this paper, we study how to leverage network coding to reduce the energy consumed by data encryption in MANETs It is interesting that network coding has a nice property of intrinsic security, based on which encryption can be done quite efficiently To this end, we propose P-Coding, a lightweight encryption scheme to provide confidentiality for network-coded MANETs in an energy-efficient way The basic idea of P-Coding is to let the source randomly permutes the symbols of each packet (which is prefixed with its coding vector), before performing network coding operations Without knowing the permutation, eavesdroppers cannot locate coding vectors for correct decoding, and thus cannot obtain any meaningful information We demonstrate that due to its lightweight nature, P-Coding incurs minimal energy consumption compared to other encryption schemes

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A Lightweight Encryption Scheme for Network-Coded Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

How to debug large networks is always a challenging task. Software Defined Network (SDN) offers a centralized con- trol platform where operators can statically verify network policies, instead of checking configuration files device-by-device. While such a static verification is useful, it is still not enough: due to data plane faults, packets may not be forwarded according to control plane policies, resulting in network faults at runtime. To address this issue, we present VeriDP, a tool that can continuously monitor what we call control-data plane consistency, defined as the consistency between control plane policies and data plane forwarding behaviors. We prototype VeriDP with small modifications of both hardware and software SDN switches, and show that it can achieve a verification speed of 3 μs per packet, with a false negative rate as low as 0.1%, for the Stanford backbone and Internet2 topologies. In addition, when verification fails, VeriDP can localize faulty switches with a probability as high as 96% for fat tree topologies.

Peng Zhang

Papers

P-Coding: Secure Network Coding against Eavesdropping Attacks

Padding for orthogonality: Efficient subspace authentication for network coding

On Denial of Service Attacks in Software Defined Networks

A Lightweight Encryption Scheme for Network-Coded Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Mind the Gap: Monitoring the Control-Data Plane Consistency in Software Defined Networks