Data Mining - Concepts and Techniques.

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Random Data Analysis And Measurement Procedures

This article surveys the literature over the period of the last decade on the emerging field of self organisation as applied to wireless cellular communication networks. Self organisation has been extensively studied and applied in adhoc networks, wireless sensor networks and autonomic computer networks; however in the context of wireless cellular networks, this is the first attempt to put in perspective the various efforts in form of a tutorial/survey. We provide a comprehensive survey of the existing literature, projects and standards in self organising cellular networks. Additionally, we also aim to present a clear understanding of this active research area, identifying a clear taxonomy and guidelines for design of self organising mechanisms. We compare strength and weakness of existing solutions and highlight the key research areas for further development. This paper serves as a guide and a starting point for anyone willing to delve into research on self organisation in wireless cellular communication networks.

A Survey of Self Organisation in Future Cellular Networks

In this paper, a survey of the literature of the past 15 years involving machine learning (ML) algorithms applied to self-organizing cellular networks is performed. In order for future networks to overcome the current limitations and address the issues of current cellular systems, it is clear that more intelligence needs to be deployed so that a fully autonomous and flexible network can be enabled. This paper focuses on the learning perspective of self-organizing networks (SON) solutions and provides, not only an overview of the most common ML techniques encountered in cellular networks but also manages to classify each paper in terms of its learning solution, while also giving some examples. The authors also classify each paper in terms of its self-organizing use-case and discuss how each proposed solution performed. In addition, a comparison between the most commonly found ML algorithms in terms of certain SON metrics is performed and general guidelines on when to choose each ML algorithm for each SON function are proposed. Lastly, this paper also provides future research directions and new paradigms that the use of more robust and intelligent algorithms, together with data gathered by operators, can bring to the cellular networks domain and fully enable the concept of SON in the near future.

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A Survey of Machine Learning Techniques Applied to Self-Organizing Cellular Networks

The development of cloud computing and virtualization techniques enables mobile devices to overcome the severity of scarce resource constrained by allowing them to offload computation and migrate several computation parts of an application to powerful cloud servers. A mobile device should judiciously determine whether to offload computation as well as what portion of an application should be offloaded to the cloud. This paper considers a mobile computation offloading problem where multiple mobile services in workflows can be invoked to fulfill their complex requirements and makes decision on whether the services of a workflow should be offloaded. Due to the mobility of portable devices, unstable connectivity of mobile networks can impact the offloading decision. To address this issue, we propose a novel offloading system to design robust offloading decisions for mobile services. Our approach considers the dependency relations among component services and aims to optimize execution time and energy consumption of executing mobile services. To this end, we also introduce a mobility model and a trade-off fault-tolerance mechanism for the offloading system. A genetic algorithm (GA) based offloading method is then designed and implemented after carefully modifying parts of a generic GA to match our special needs for the stated problem. Experimental results are promising and show near-optimal solutions for all of our studied cases with almost linear algorithmic complexity with respect to the problem size.

Computation Offloading for Service Workflow in Mobile Cloud Computing

Energy awareness for computation and protocol management is becoming a crucial factor in the design of protocols and algorithms. On the other hand, in order to support node mobility, scalable routing strategies have been designed and these protocols try to consider the path duration in order to respect some QoS constraints and to reduce the route discovery procedures. Often energy saving and path duration and stability can be two contrasting efforts and trying to satisfy both of them can be very difficult. In this paper, a novel routing strategy is proposed. This proposed approach tries to account for link stability and for minimum drain rate energy consumption. In order to verify the correctness of the proposed solution a biobjective optimization formulation has been designed and a novel routing protocol called Link-stAbility and Energy aware Routing protocols (LAER) is proposed. This novel routing scheme has been compared with other three protocols: PERRA, GPSR, and E-GPSR. The protocol performance has been evaluated in terms of Data Packet Delivery Ratio, Normalized Control Overhead, Link duration, Nodes lifetime, and Average energy consumption.

Link-Stability and Energy Aware Routing Protocol in Distributed Wireless Networks

Summary In this paper we have carried out an accurate overview on Voice over IP QoS evaluation techniques. We have described in a detailed way the most important measurement methods that are subdivided in subjective and objective methods. Subjective measurements (e.g. Mean Opinion Score - MOS) are the benchmark for objective methods, but they are slow, time consuming and expensive. Objective measurements can be intrusive or non-intrusive. Intrusive methods (e.g. Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality - PESQ) are more accurate, but normally are unsuitable for monitoring live traffic because of the need for a reference data and to utilise the network. Non-intrusive methods, instead, are a measurement based on observing parameters that permit the individuation of voice signal quality. The possibility of having the telephony on Internet presents a lot of advantages, first of all it gives the capability of constructing a single network for transporting voice and data signals. Moreover, it provides the growth of new type of applications that can take advantage of internet network. At last, IP traffic charge is much less than traditional one because it is independent of the path length.

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Overview on VoIP: Subjective and Objective Measurement Methods

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) represent a particular mobile technology that permits communication between vehicles, offering security and comfort. Nowadays, distributed mobile wireless computing is becoming a very important communication paradigm, due to its flexibility to adapt to different mobile applications. In this work, an interference aware metric is proposed in order to reduce the level of interference between each pair of nodes at the MAC and routing layer. In particular, this metric with a prediction algorithm is proposed to work in a cross-layered MAC and an on-demand routing scheme in multi-radio vehicular networks, wherein each node is equipped with two multi-channel radio interfaces. The proposed metric is based on the maximization of the average signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) level of the connection between source and destination. In order to relieve the effects of the co-channel interference perceived by mobile nodes, transmission channels are switched on a basis of a periodical SIR evaluation. Our solution has been integrated with an on-demand routing scheme but it can be applied to other routing strategies. Three on-demand interference aware routing schemes integrating IEEE 802.11p Multi-channel MAC have been tested to assess the benefits of the novel metric applied to a vehicular context. NS-3 has been used for implementing and testing the proposed idea, and significant performance improvements were obtained: in particular, the proposed policy has resulted in an enhancement of network performance in terms of throughput and packet delivery ratio.

A Predictive Cross-Layered Interference Management in a Multichannel MAC with Reactive Routing in VANET

This paper presents a novel call admission control (CAC) algorithm based on the statistical multiplexing of VBR traffic. The proposed algorithm is called statistical multiplexing based on discrete bandwidth levels of GOP rate (SMDB) because the solution is based on the discretization of the GOP rate in a set of bandwidth levels and on the time characteristics of discrete bandwidth levels of MPEG sources. SMDB is compared with another statistical CAC based on the normal/lognormal distribution of the GOP rate (SMND). SMDB outperforms SMND in many situations such as high variance around the average video traffic GOP rate of sources and heavy traffic load. The new CAC has been tested in the new generation satellite platform called digital video broadcasting via return channel satellite (DVB-RCS). A high system utilization and multiplexing gain with respect to QoS constraints is obtained.

Call Admission Control for Aggregate MPEG-2 Traffic Over Multimedia Geo-Satellite Networks

Nowadays, interest in mobile communications is growing rapidly due to the high level of device development, which permits the achievement of good objectives in terms of quality of service (QoS) for user satisfaction during active data flows. The increasing mobile client populations use different mobile devices to access the wireless medium and many applications are being developed to satisfy eager client requirements. Independently on the considered architecture (WLAN, UMTS, LTE, etc.), mobility represents a great advantage for user comfort, but it needs to be managed in an adequate manner in order to avoid service disruptions or unacceptable degradation of the perceived quality. In this paper, the concept of cell-mobility prediction is considered and we show how the analysis of user behavior, in terms of mobility, can be exploited to enhance QoS levels in current communications among mobile hosts and base stations (coverage cells, in general). This paper surveys different unconventional approaches and protocols, showing how it is possible to consider in-advance bandwidth reservations to achieve service continuity, avoiding call droppings during active sessions. First, we present the importance of in-advance reserving in wireless cellular networks, then we discuss the existing protocols and approaches for determining the most suitable future cells.

Prediction and QoS Enhancement in New Generation Cellular Networks With Mobile Hosts: A Survey on Different Protocols and Conventional/Unconventional Approaches

Peppino Fazio

Papers

Link-Stability and Energy Aware Routing Protocol in Distributed Wireless Networks

Overview on VoIP: Subjective and Objective Measurement Methods

A Predictive Cross-Layered Interference Management in a Multichannel MAC with Reactive Routing in VANET

Call Admission Control for Aggregate MPEG-2 Traffic Over Multimedia Geo-Satellite Networks

Prediction and QoS Enhancement in New Generation Cellular Networks With Mobile Hosts: A Survey on Different Protocols and Conventional/Unconventional Approaches