Abbreviations: AR aortic regurgitation, AS aortic stenosis, AVA aortic valve area, CSA cross sectional area, CWD continuous wave Doppler, D diameter, HOCM hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, LV left ventricle, LVOT left ventricular outflow tract, MR mitral regurgitation, MS mitral stenosis, MVA mitral valve area, DP pressure gradient, RV right ventricle, RVOT right ventricular outflow tract, SV stroke volume, TEE transesophageal echocardiography, T1/2 pressure half-time, TR tricuspid regurgitation, TS tricuspid stenosis, V velocity, VSD ventricular septal defect, VTI velocity time integral

https://www.asefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Echo-Assessment-of-Valve-Stenosis-Part-1.pdf

Echocardiographic Assessment of Valve Stenosis: EAE/ASE Recommendations for Clinical Practice

http://www.telecardiologo.com/descargas/18781.pdf

Recommendations for quantification of Doppler echocardiography: A report from the Doppler quantification task force of the nomenclature and standards committee of the American Society of Echocardiography

The relationship of autonomic imbalance, heart rate variability and cardiovascular disease risk factors

https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(02)80189-5/pdf

Systematic review of the comorbidity of irritable bowel syndrome with other disorders: what are the causes and implications?

Electrocardiographic RR intervals fluctuate cyclically, modulated by ventilation, baroreflexes, and other genetic and environmental factors that are mediated through the autonomic nervous system. Short term electrocardiographic recordings (5 to 15 minutes), made under controlled conditions, e.g., lying supine or standing or tilted upright can elucidate physiologic, pharmacologic, or pathologic changes in autonomic nervous system function. Long-term, usually 24-hour recordings, can be used to assess autonomic nervous responses during normal daily activities in health, disease, and in response to therapeutic interventions, e.g., exercise or drugs. RR interval variability is useful for assessing risk of cardiovascular death or arrhythmic events, especially when combined with other tests, e.g., left ventricular ejection fraction or ventricular arrhythmias.

/pdf/heart-rate-variability-measurement-and-clinical-utility-2u0vaiq82q.pdf

Heart Rate Variability: Measurement and Clinical Utility

PURPOSE AND METHODS: Nine elite canoeists were investigated concerning changes in performance, heart rate variability (HRV), and blood-chemical parameters over a 6-d training camp. The training regimen consisted of cross-country skiing and strength training, in total 13.0+/-1.6 h, corresponding to a 50% increase in training load. RESULTS: Time to exhaustion (RunT) decreased from 19.1+/-1.0 to 18.0+/-1.2 min (P < 0.05). VO2max and max lactate (La(max)) both decreased significantly (P < 0.05) over the training period (4.99+/-0.97 to 4.74+/-0.98 L x min(-1) and from 10.08+/-1.25 to 8.98+/-1.03 mmol x L(-1) respectively). Heart rates (HR) decreased significantly at all workloads. Plasma volume increased by 7+/-7% (P < 0.05). Resting cortisol, decreased from 677+/-244 to 492+/-222 nmol x L(-1) (P < 0.05), whereas resting levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline remained unchanged. The change between tests in RunT correlated significantly with the change in HRmax (r = 0.79; P = 0.01). There were no group changes in high or low frequency HRV, neither at rest nor following a tilt. CONCLUSIONS: The reduced maximal performance indicates a state of fatigue/overreaching and peripheral factors are suggested to limit performance even though HRmax and La(max) both were reduced. The reduced submaximal heart rates are probably a result of increased plasma volume. HRV in this group didn't seem to be affected by short-term overtraining.

Short-term overtraining: effects on performance, circulatory responses, and heart rate variability

Six factors that may increase the likelihood of swelling of the arm after treatment of breast cancer were investigated in 136 patients who had undergone treatment. The highest incidence of oedema was among patients who had received radiotherapy in high doses with few fractions to the axilla (60%), and in patients with a history of one or more infections in the arm on the operated side (89%). Overweight, oblique surgical incision, infection in the arm, and radiotherapy correlated with arm swelling. The age of the patient and whether the operation had been done on the dominant or non-dominant side correlated less with the incidence of oedema.

Factors that influence the incidence of brachial oedema after treatment of breast cancer.

PURPOSE: In order to investigate overtraining-related adaptations in the autonomic nervous system, cardiac autonomic activity was examined in a junior cross-country skier who presented with reduced ...

Cardiac autonomic imbalance in an overtrained athlete.

Aims To investigate dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system as a potential mechanism for early insulin resistance in the development of Type 2 diabetes.
Methods Thirteen healthy individuals w ...

Does the autonomic nervous system play a role in the development of insulin resistance? A study on heart rate variability in first-degree relatives of Type 2 diabetes patients and control subjects.

PURPOSE: To investigate relationships between heart rate variability (HRV) and peripheral and central performance measures, 17 cross-country (X-C) skiers and seven canoeists were studied before and ...

Per Bjerle

Papers

Short-term overtraining: effects on performance, circulatory responses, and heart rate variability

Factors that influence the incidence of brachial oedema after treatment of breast cancer.

Cardiac autonomic imbalance in an overtrained athlete.

Does the autonomic nervous system play a role in the development of insulin resistance? A study on heart rate variability in first-degree relatives of Type 2 diabetes patients and control subjects.

Heart rate variability in athletes : relationship with central and peripheral performance.