This paper provides a survey of recent works on cognitive cars with a focus on driver-oriented intelligent vehicle motion control. The main objective here is to clarify the goals and guidelines for future development in the area of advanced driver-assistance systems (ADASs). Two major research directions are investigated and discussed in detail: (1) stimuli-decisions-actions, which focuses on the driver side, and (2) perception enhancement-action-suggestion-function-delegation, which emphasizes the ADAS side. This paper addresses the important achievements and major difficulties of each direction and discusses how to combine the two directions into a single integrated system to obtain safety and comfort while driving. Other related topics, including driver training and infrastructure design, are also studied.

Cognitive Cars: A New Frontier for ADAS Research

Improving a vehicle driver’s performance decreases the damage caused by, and chances of, road accidents. In recent decades, engineers and researchers have proposed several strategies to model and improve driving monitoring and assistance systems (DMAS). This work presents a comprehensive survey of the literature related to driving processes, the main reasons for road accidents, the methods of their early detection, and state-of-the-art strategies developed to assist drivers for a safe and comfortable driving experience. The studies focused on the three main elements of the driving process, viz. driver, vehicle, and driving environment are analytically reviewed in this work, and a comprehensive framework of DMAS, major research areas, and their interaction is explored. A well-designed DMAS improves the driving experience by continuously monitoring the critical parameters associated with the driver, vehicle, and surroundings by acquiring and processing the data obtained from multiple sensors. A discussion on the challenges associated with the current and future DMAS and their potential solutions is also presented.

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A Comprehensive Survey of Driving Monitoring and Assistance Systems.

Data are essential in all areas of geophysics. They are used to better understand and manage systems, either directly or via models. Given the complexity and spatiotemporal variability of geophysical systems (e.g., precipitation), a lack of sufficient data is a perennial problem, which is exacerbated by various drivers, such as climate change and urbanization. In recent years, crowdsourcing has become increasingly prominent as a means of supplementing data obtained from more traditional sources, particularly due to its relatively low implementation cost and ability to increase the spatial and/or temporal resolution of data significantly. Given the proliferation of different crowdsourcing methods in geophysics and the promise they have shown, it is timely to assess the state of the art in this field, to identify potential issues and map out a way forward. In this paper, crowdsourcing-based data acquisition methods that have been used in seven domains of geophysics, including weather, precipitation, air pollution, geography, ecology, surface water, and natural hazard management, are discussed based on a review of 162 papers. In addition, a novel framework for categorizing these methods is introduced and applied to the methods used in the seven domains of geophysics considered in this review. This paper also features a review of 93 papers dealing with issues that are common to data acquisition methods in different domains of geophysics, including the management of crowdsourcing projects, data quality, data processing, and data privacy. In each of these areas, the current status is discussed and challenges and future directions are outlined.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2018RG000616

Crowdsourcing Methods for Data Collection in Geophysics : State of the Art, Issues, and Future Directions

A comparative study of state-of-the-art driving strategies for autonomous vehicles.

The invention relates to a device or a method for detecting rain (4), said device or method comprising a camera (1) and a lighting source (3). The camera (1) is disposed behind a pane (2), in particular in the interior of a vehicle behind a windshield, and focused onto a remote region that lies in front of the pane (2). The lighting source (3) for generating at least one light beam (h; n) that is directed at the pane (2) directs the at least one light beam (h; n) towards the pane (2) such that at least one beam (r2; r2') that is reflected from the outer face (2.2) of the pane impinges on the camera (1). The light quantity of the at least one beam (r2; r2') that impinges on the camera (1) can be measured by the camera (1).

Detection of raindrops on a pane by means of a camera and lighting

An intelligent wiper speed adjustment system can be found in most middle and upper class cars. A core piece of this gadget is the rain sensor on the windshield. With the upcoming number of cars being equipped with an in-vehicle camera for vision-based applications the call for integrating all sensors in the area of the rearview mirror into one device rises to reduce the number of parts and variants. In this paper, functionality of standard rain sensors and different vision-based approaches are explained and a novel rain sensing concept based on an automotive in-vehicle camera for Driver Assistance Systems (DAS) is developed to enhance applicability. Hereby, the region at the bottom of the field of view (FOV) of the imager is used to detect raindrops, while the upper part of the image is still usable for other vision-based applications. A simple algorithm is set up to keep the additional processing time low and to quantitatively gather the rain intensity. Mechanisms to avoid false activations of the wipers are introduced. First experimental experiences based on real scenarios show promising results.

Vision-based rain sensing with an in-vehicle camera

The invention concerns an optical module for an assistance system covering an ambient region of a vehicle, having a camera arranged in the region of an inner side of a pane of glass, in particular a windscreen, of the vehicle and directed into the ambient region of the vehicle, with an objective through which a distant region can be imaged in sharp focus on a first section of a sensor surface of the camera, and having an optical assembly which is arranged in the field of vision of the camera and by which a close region covering a detection region of the pane can be imaged in sharp focus on a second section of the sensor surface of the camera. The invention further concerns a method for controlling a wiping interval of a windscreen wiper, in particular of a motor vehicle, by means of such an optical module.

Optical module for an assistance system

The device has a light source i.e. LED (18), arranged in a region of an inner side (14) of a pane i.e. windscreen (12), for radiating a light (22) into the pane. A detection unit detects the light, which is totally reflected at an outer side (10) of the pane, where the detection unit is formed by a camera (30) of a lane change warning system, night vision assistance system or low-beam light regulating system. A light conductor (20) guides the light in a direction of the pane. The light conductor causes the widening of the light such that a measuring region of the pane is illuminated.

Device for measuring moisture on a plate

The device has contact and acceleration sensors arranged in the area of a bumper of a motor vehicle, and an evaluating unit connected with the sensors. The unit executes a spectral analysis of signals outputted by the acceleration sensors to create an auto-power-spectrum of the signals outputted by the acceleration sensors. The acceleration sensors are activated when a signal outputted by the contact sensor exceeds a preset threshold.

Apparatus for collision detection of a vehicle with a pedestrian

An intruder detection system (10) for a motor vehicle comprising a radar sensor having a number of faces; a transmitter antenna (20) mounted on each face; at least one receiver antenna (22,24) mounted on each face; a transceiver (18) associated with each face for producing a frequency modulated continuous wave radar signal for transmission by the transmitter antenna and for receiving the reflected frequency modulated continuous wave radar signal received by the receiver antenna; and processing means (34-44) for analysing the reflected frequency modulated continuous wave radar signal received by each receiver antenna and for indicating the presence or absence of an intruder from the analysis of the reflected frequency modulated continuous wave radar signal received by each receiver antenna.

Peter Egbert

Papers

Vision-based rain sensing with an in-vehicle camera

Optical module for an assistance system

Device for measuring moisture on a plate

Apparatus for collision detection of a vehicle with a pedestrian

Intruder detection system for a motor vehicle