抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

/pdf/aryl-aryl-bond-formation-one-century-after-the-discovery-of-1jdyxlkwix.pdf

Aryl-aryl bond formation one century after the discovery of the Ullmann reaction.

The biaryl structural motif is a predominant feature in many pharmaceutically relevant and biologically active compounds. As a result, for over a century 1 organic chemists have sought to develop new and more efficient aryl -aryl bond-forming methods. Although there exist a variety of routes for the construction of aryl -aryl bonds, arguably the most common method is through the use of transition-metalmediated reactions. 2-4 While earlier reports focused on the use of stoichiometric quantities of a transition metal to carry out the desired transformation, modern methods of transitionmetal-catalyzed aryl -aryl coupling have focused on the development of high-yielding reactions achieved with excellent selectivity and high functional group tolerance under mild reaction conditions. Typically, these reactions involve either the coupling of an aryl halide or pseudohalide with an organometallic reagent (Scheme 1), or the homocoupling of two aryl halides or two organometallic reagents. Although a number of improvements have developed the former process into an industrially very useful and attractive method for the construction of aryl -aryl bonds, the need still exists for more efficient routes whereby the same outcome is accomplished, but with reduced waste and in fewer steps. In particular, the obligation to use coupling partners that are both activated is wasteful since it necessitates the installation and then subsequent disposal of stoichiometric activating agents. Furthermore, preparation of preactivated aryl substrates often requires several steps, which in itself can be a time-consuming and economically inefficient process.

http://aether.cmi.ua.ac.be/artikels/Artikels%20Gitte/Artikels/Reviews/Heck-Type-lautens.pdf

Aryl-aryl bond formation by transition-metal-catalyzed direct arylation.

Clinical epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: incidence, prevalence, and environmental influences

Although homogeneous gold catalysis was known previously, an exponential growth was only induced 12 years ago. The key findings which induce that rise of the field are discussed. This includes early reactions of allenes and furanynes and intermediates of these conversions as well as hydroarylation reactions. Other substrate types addressed are alkynyl epoxides and N-propargyl carboxamides. Important vinylgold intermediates, the transmetalation from gold to other transition metals, the development of new ligands for gold catalysis, and significant contributions from computational chemistry are other crucial points for the field highlighted here.

Gold-Catalyzed Organic Reactions

Über eine Metathesereaktion von Tetrathiafulvalen (TTF)

Gold complexes with mono- or di-chalcogenides of bis(diphenylphosphino)methanide ligands. X-ray crystal structure of [Au(C6F5)2{(SPPh2)2C(AuAsPh3)2}]ClO4

The iron half-sandwich [Cp′Fe(μ-I)]2 (Cp′ = 1,2,4-(Me3C)3C5H2, 1) reacts with the pseudohalides NCO−, SCN−, SeCN− and N3− to give [Cp′Fe(μ-NCO)]2 (2), [Cp′Fe(μ-S)]2 (3), [Cp′Fe(μ-Se2)]2 (4) and [Cp′Fe(μ-N)]2 (5), respectively. Various spectroscopic techniques including X-ray diffraction, solid-state magnetic susceptibility studies and 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy were employed in the characterization of these species. Mossbauer spectroscopy shows a decreasing isomer shift with increasing formal oxidation state, ranging from Fe(II) to Fe(IV), in complexes 1 to 5. The sulfido-bridged dimer 3 exhibits strong antiferromagnetic coupling between the Fe(III) centers. This leads to temperature-independent paramagnetism (TIP) at low temperature, from which the energy gap between the ground and the excited state can be estimated to be 2J = ca. 700 cm−1. The iron(IV) nitrido complex [Cp′Fe(μ-N)]2 (5) shows no reactivity towards H2 (10 atm), but undergoes clean reactions with CO (5 bar) and XylNC (Xyl = 2,6-Me2C6H3) to form the diamagnetic isocyanate and carbodiimide complexes [Cp′Fe(CO)2(NCO)] (7) and [Cp′Fe(CNXyl)2(NCNXyl)] (8), respectively. All compounds were fully characterized, and density functional theory (DFT) computations provide useful insights into their formation and the electronic structures of complexes 3 and 5.

/pdf/reactivity-studies-on-cp-fe-m-i-2-nitrido-sulfido-and-5elr74qtdb.pdf

Peter G. Jones

Papers

Über eine Metathesereaktion von Tetrathiafulvalen (TTF)

Gold complexes with mono- or di-chalcogenides of bis(diphenylphosphino)methanide ligands. X-ray crystal structure of [Au(C6F5)2{(SPPh2)2C(AuAsPh3)2}]ClO4

Reactivity studies on [Cp′Fe(μ-I)]2: nitrido-, sulfido- and diselenide iron complexes derived from pseudohalide activation

The Epidemiology of Schizophrenia: Childhood development and later schizophrenia: evidence from genetic high-risk and birth cohort studies

Too much too young? The views of young people in Early Intervention Services in England.