Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine

https://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1053/jhep.2001.27445

Complementary and alternative medicine in chronic liver disease

Before carrying out a breastfeeding promotion programme in a periurban area of Mexico City, we conducted a rapid ethnographic study to determine the factors associated with absence of exclusive breastfeeding. The responses to pilot interviews were used to develop a standardized questionnaire regarding reasons for infant feeding choice, sources of advice, and barriers to breastfeeding. We interviewed a random sample of 150 mothers with a child < 5 years of age; 136 (91%) of them had initiated breastfeeding; but only 2% exclusively breastfed up to 4 months. The mothers consistently stated that the child's nutrition, health, growth, and hygiene were the main reasons for the type of feeding selected; cost, comfort, and the husband's opinion were less important. Physicians were ranked as the most important source of advice. Reduction or cessation of breastfeeding occurred on the doctor's advice (68%); or when the mothers encountered local folk illnesses such as "coraje" (52%) or "susto" (54%), which are associated with anger or fright; or had "not enough milk" (62%) or "bad milk" (56%); or because of illness of the mother (56%) or child (43%). During childhood illnesses and conditions, breastfeeding was reduced and the use of supplementary foods was increased. This study emphasizes the importance of cultural values in infant feeding choices, defines specific barriers to breastfeeding, and provides a basis for interventions to promote exclusive breastfeeding in the study population.

https://www.who.int/bulletin/archives/77(4)323.pdf

Rapid ethnographic assessment of breastfeeding practices in periurban Mexico City.

Historical archaeology, with its interest in material culture and its use of the broader perspectives of anthropology and anthropological archaeology, has contributed to a distinctive understanding of the North American experience. Historical archaeologists have, to varying degrees, investigated the material traces of class, race, gender, and state formation. These studies provide an understanding of the origin of many of the social practices that undergird modern culture, a necessary, though neglected, case in a unified anthropological archaeology's goal of writing innovative world histories.

Historical Archaeology and the Post-Columbian World of North America

The New Cambridge History of Islam

Two frameworks of interpretation of history and society have long struggled with each other in the West and in the Islamic world: one is the modernization theory of the American type, aligned at times with the older orientalism, the other is some form of political economy. In the 1970s, the theory of political economy made a belated arrival in American intellectual life and still has scarcely the prestige it has in France, Germany, Italy, or the Islamic countries.

Political Economy as a Paradigm for the Study of Islamic History

Medical pluralism in Arab and Egyptian history: an overview of class structures and philosophies of the main phases.

Race and Racism in the Modern World: How It Works in Different Hegemonies

Capitalism and Nationalism at the End of Empire: State and Business in Decolonizing Egypt, Nigeria and Kenya, 1945-1963, by Robert L. Tignor. 437 pages, bibliographical note, index. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998. $55.00 (Cloth) ISBN 0-691-01584-8

This article argues that the old paradigm for modern world history given us by Hegel of the Rise of the West has been rendered less useful by the development of new knowledge over the past half century and as a result there is today a good deal of dissatisf action among professional historians about its retention. What other options are there? This article suggests we try out the idea of the rise of the rich. For the modern period of world history, many would agree that the traditional paradigm of the ‘Rise of the West’ is too Eurocentric, that the field needs a new paradigm. Many today find it frustrating to have to choose either to dwell on the power of the Western elite peripheralizing the rest of the world and its culture or drop the question of power and discuss different human societies as if imperialism, notably that of one’s own country, could be overlooked. That said, it is equally clear that academic fields do not change quickly. This is both their strength and their weakness. In general, it seems safe to suggest that academic fields tend to be concerned with handing down their traditions. If there will be a paradigm shift some day in history, it will no doubt therefore come as a self-conscious rejection of at least a part of this heritage. Getting to such a point will require a good deal of selfconscious reassessment of that heritage. History, as we know it today, arose as a professional field in Berlin in the late nineteenth century at the hands of Leopold Von Ranke. Von Ranke’s worldview came from Hegel. Hegel had codified the familiar ‘Rise of the West’ model and this is what Von Ranke institutionalized. The rise of the field of world history as a sub-specialty in history in the 1980s seemed from the outset to imply a cer tain challenge. Unlike the Annales School, here was a field that would potentially be going over the whole ground claimed by the Hegelian model but one which was not content to simply repeat what had gone before and refurbish the Western Civ cour se. It would deal with elites and states as it would deal with commerce and ecology. From the onset in the 1980s, world history journal articles and conference papers made clear that the Hegelian model was not the preferred one. While

Peter Gran

Papers

Political Economy as a Paradigm for the Study of Islamic History

Medical pluralism in Arab and Egyptian history: an overview of class structures and philosophies of the main phases.

Race and Racism in the Modern World: How It Works in Different Hegemonies

Capitalism and Nationalism at the End of Empire: State and Business in Decolonizing Egypt, Nigeria and Kenya, 1945-1963, by Robert L. Tignor. 437 pages, bibliographical note, index. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998. $55.00 (Cloth) ISBN 0-691-01584-8

Modern World History as the Rise of the Rich: A New Paradigm