Showing papers by "Peter M. Gollwitzer published in 2001"
TL;DR: Five experiments reported in which the goal either to perform well or to cooperate was activated, without the awareness of participants, through a priming manipulation demonstrated that action guided by nonconsciously activated goals effectively guide action, enabling adaptation to ongoing situational demands.
Abstract: It is proposed that goals can be activated outside of awareness and then operate nonconsciously to guide self-regulation effectively (J. A. Bargh, 1990). Five experiments are reported in which the goal either to perform well or to cooperate was activated, without the awareness of participants, through a priming manipulation. In Experiment 1 priming of the goal to perform well caused participants to perform comparatively better on an intellectual task. In Experiment 2 priming of the goal to cooperate caused participants to replenish a commonly held resource more readily. Experiment 3 used a dissociation paradigm to rule out perceptual-construal alternative explanations. Experiments 4 and 5 demonstrated that action guided by nonconsciously activated goals manifests two classic content-free features of the pursuit of consciously held goals. Nonconsciously activated goals effectively guide action, enabling adaptation to ongoing situational demands.
1,782 citations
TL;DR: Results suggest that individuals whose action control is known to be hampered by disruptive cognitive business, such as opiate addicts under withdrawal and schizophrenic patients, benefited from forming implementation intentions and instigates immediate action initiation that is also efficient.
Abstract: Implementation intentions ("If I encounter Situation X, then I'll perform Behavior Y!") are postulated to instigate automatic action initiation. In 4 studies, the hypothesis was tested that implementation intentions lead to immediate action initiation once the specified situation is encountered, even under conditions of high cognitive load. First, individuals whose action control is known to be hampered by disruptive cognitive business, such as opiate addicts under withdrawal (Study 1) and schizophrenic patients (Study 2), benefited from forming implementation intentions. Second, the beneficial effect of implementation intentions was also found in 2 experiments with university students (Studies 3 and 4) in which cognitive load was experimentally induced by using dual task paradigms. Results of the 4 studies suggest that forming implementation intentions instigates immediate action initiation that is also efficient.
545 citations
TL;DR: Lesion patients with weak performances on the Tower of Hanoi (TOH) task did worse than patients with strong TOH performances in Study 1 but better than control participants in Study 2, interpreted as a functional dissociation between conscious reflective action control and automatic reflexive action control.
Abstract: Two types of action control derived from the model of action phases (H. Heckhausen & P. M. Gollwitzer, 1987) were analyzed in patients with frontal lesions, patients with nonfrontal lesions, and university students. In Study 1, reflective action control in terms of goal selection was assessed, and impaired deliberation was found in patients with frontal lesions. Study 2 assessed reflexive action control in terms of automatic action initiation as a result of forming implementation intentions (P. M. Gollwitzer, 1999). All participants sped up their responses to critical stimuli by forming implementation intentions. Moreover, lesion patients with weak performances on the Tower of Hanoi (TOH) task did worse than patients with strong TOH performances in Study 1 but better than control participants in Study 2. Findings are interpreted as a functional dissociation between conscious reflective action control and automatic reflexive action control.
146 citations
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: In this article, it was recognized that motivation operates in concert with other determinants (e.g., cognition, affect, habits) to answer to the question as to which of the human needs are to be differentiated and how these needs manage to guide and energize people.
Abstract: Originally, motivation was analyzed as a singular determinant of human thoughts, feelings, and actions. It was quickly recognized, however, that motivation operates in concert with other determinants (e.g., cognition, affect, habits). This insight has allowed the psychology of motivation to progress to a very sophisticated level to answer to the question as to which of the human needs are to be differentiated and how these needs manage to guide and energize people. It has also promoted considering the concept of goals (on top of incentives and expectations) which allowed a better understanding of action control; willpower is nowadays analyzed in terms of the effective (effortful and/or automatic) self-regulation of goal pursuit.
21 citations
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the educational implications of goal setting and goal striving in social psychology and how these goal theories contribute to theorizing about educational implication of goal-setting and goal-wishing.
Abstract: The concepts of goals and plans have not only played an important role in research on motivation and self-regulation (Ach, 1935; Carver & Scheier, 1981; Kruglanski, 1996; Lewin, 1926; Miller, Galanter, & Pribram, 1960), but goals and plans and their effects on affect, behavior, and cognition have become a very popillar research topic in social psychology (Frese & Sabini, 1985; Gollwitzer & Bargh, 1996; Halisch & Kuh!, 1987; Pervin, 1989). The goal concept has also received recent attention in educational psychology (Snow & Corno, 1996). Modem goal theories can be c1assified in two groups: (a) goal content theories, and (b) self-regulation theories of goal striving. How these goal theories contribute to theorizing about educational implications of goal setting and goal striving is discussed in this chapter.
18 citations