世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

�Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are exter nalities and represent the biggest market failure the world has seen. We all produce emissions, people around the world are already suffering from past emissions, and current emissions will have potentially catastrophic impacts in the future. Thus, these emissions are not ordinary, localized externalities. Risk on a global scale is at the core of the issue. These basic features of the problem must shape the economic analy sis we bring to bear; failure to do this will, and has, produced approaches to policy that are pro foundly misleading and indeed dangerous. The purpose of this lecture is to set out what I think is an appropriate way to examine the economics of climate change, given the unique scientific and economic challenges posed, and to suggest implications for emissions targets, policy instruments, and global action. The sub ject is complex and very wide-ranging. It is a subject of vital importance but one in which the economics is fairly young. A central challenge is to provide the economic tools necessary as

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The Economics of Climate Change

Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology

Framework Convention on Climate Change

Models that depict innovation as a smooth, well-behaved linear process badly misspecify the nature and direction of the causal factors at work. Innovation is complex, uncertain, somewhat disorderly, and subject to changes of many sorts. Innovation is also difficult to measure and demands close coordination of adequate technical knowledge and excellent market judgment in order to satisfy economic, technological, and other types of constraints—all simultaneously. The process of innovation must be viewed as a series of changes in a complete system not only of hardware, but also of market environment, production facilities and knowledge, and the social contexts of the innovation organization.

An Overview of Innovation

# Background
This paper estimates the costs and benefits of investing in education interventions and specific child marriage programs to reduce child marriage in India. Child marriage in India remains highly prevalent despite considerable progress in the last decade or more, associated, in particular, with a decline in poverty. The economic consequences of the COVID 19 pandemic are likely to reverse these gains, meaning that the interventions to reduce child marriage evaluated in this paper assume even greater importance. 

# Methods
A literature search to identify interventions with costs and estimates of impact on reduction in child marriage for India, and other low and middle income countries was conducted. The costs and effectiveness of the interventions were modelled for India, and economic benefits of reducing school dropout rates and increasing secondary school completions were estimated. The ratio of the economic benefits to the intervention costs estimated gave the benefit-cost ratio.

# Results
The interventions resulted in an average benefit-cost ratio of 16.8. The interventions are projected to decrease the estimated marriage rate for girls aged 15–17 years for India from an estimated rate of 16.4% in 2020 by 7.5 percentage points by 2050, with education interventions targeting increased attendance being the larger factor. By 2030, the proportion of girls completing school is estimated to increase by 13 percentage points and productivity to have increased by 16.4%. 

# Conclusions
The results indicate substantial economic and social gains to reducing child marriage by interventions that decrease school dropout rates, increase secondary school completions for girls, and address some of the broader social and cultural disadvantages they face in India. This has significant implications not only for their health, but also for the quality of the available economic opportunities and the possibility of attaining Sustainable Development Goal 5.

/pdf/evaluating-interventions-to-reduce-child-marriage-in-india-4hm650hiap.pdf

Evaluating interventions to reduce child marriage in India

The starting point for this study is the fact that globalisation and the transition to a knowledge-based economy are driving a transformation of the nature and structure of the world economy. The rise in the knowledge intensity of economic activities and the increasing
globalisation of economic affairs are driving pervasive change affecting every industry, firm, individual and region. This transformation is not a matter of one or two technologies or industries. Nor is it just another way of emphasising the ICT revolution or any particular new technology, such as biotechnology. These are all important, but they are not the whole story. Knowledge generated on a global basis is being applied to all industries, and many existing industries are very advanced. For example, the Australian mining industry is a global leader in innovation
and development. The response of existing industries will be as important as the creation of new industries, and will give rise to many new business opportunities. In seeking to understand emerging trends, much of the contemporary literature emphasises the systemic nature of relationships and activities in the economy. The systemic approach
recognises a whole range of non-market linkages that are central to the economic system (such as organisational and institutional persistence, cooperation, alliances, information exchange and mutual dependency), as well as the role of organisations other than firms. This systemic character is of three main forms. One is the persisting influence of past events on present and future outcomes (path dependence). The second is the complex linkages
between many different institutions and organisations at a given point of time, such as those that determine the level of innovation (the innovation system). The third is the linkages between the various aspects of a complex system involved in the creation, production and
distribution of a product, or a set of products (the product system). Recognition of this systemic character has many important implications for policy. They include the need to focus on a region’s innovation system and on the positioning of its firms within global product systems. This systemic character also implies that, however urgent and transformative it is, change must be evolutionary, with a progressive strengthening of the organisations, institutions and systems supporting regional growth.
The major elements in the global knowledge economy all impact on the choices made by firms about where to locate their activities. These impacts may weaken the position of many economies. Indeed, the new technologies have made possible the consolidation of particular
aspects of the product system in preferred locations on a global basis. This has led to the ‘hollowing out’ of peripheral regions in many important respects.
Thus a central challenge facing many economies is to use the increased access to global markets and information sources that the new economy makes possible to offset the impact of global consolidation on the structure of their economies.

Directions for Industry Policy in Western Australia within the Global Knowledge Economy: Sustainable Prosperity through Global Integration

Building on the Western Australian Boom: The Drivers and Shapers of China's Economic Development in the 21st Century

Executive Summary Small scale technologies are already having a significant economic and social impact. Over the next two decades they will have profound effects on industrial products and processes, on the lives of individuals and on the nature of human society. As the next major wave of global technological change, they offer vast potential benefits but carry serious economic, social and ethical risks. It is important that Victoria acts now to share in the potential benefits of small scale technologies and to understand and respond to the risks involved. We use the phrase 'small scale technologies' to refer to technologies with feature sizes less than 1000 nanometers, where a nanometer is one millionth of a millimetre. In other words, they are technologies with feature sizes less than one thousandth of a millimetre. The term thus covers both micro technologies, operating down to about 100 nanometers, and nano technologies, operating at or about the nanometer scale. Technologies at both levels are already being used in industry, often in combination with one another. Micro technologies are currently much more important in industrial applications. But those at the nano scale will become increasingly dominant in a wide variety of industries over the next two decades. They will also have the most dramatic implications, as new properties of matter emerge at the very small scale. These facts have been recognised by governments around the world, and support programs amounting to some US$3 billion are in place in 2003. S ubstantial commitments have been made by a number of countries in East Asia as well as in North America and Europe, and this is the first technological revolution in which Asian countries have been participants at a foundational stage. Much of this support has been in terms of basic science, and in particular in the scientific foundations of nano technologies. This report examines the implications of small scale technologies for industries and firms in Victoria, in the context of the broader drivers of change in those industries. It shows that these technologies will have a pervasive impact on the competitive position of Victorian firms in a wide range of industries, from health and food to transport, energy and the environmental industries. There is little doubt that developing high-level capability in small scale technologies will become increasingly central to the competitiveness of many industries over the next decade, and indeed to the survival of many firms. …

Small Scale Technologies: Directions for Victoria

Executive Summary Recent decades have seen rising prosperity in most APEC economies, with strong economic growth and better health outcomes underpinned by rapid growth in the working age population. Since 1960 life expectancy has grown by at least 15-20 years in most economies, and by much more in some, as many communicable diseases have been brought under control. Across the region, the population in the prime working age group (25-54 years) grew by 600 million persons or 2.6% per annum over 1960-2005, providing the dominant source of both labour supply and household demand. Strong economic growth has in turn provided increasing resources for health programs. New and quite different realities confront APEC economies in the first half of the 21 st Century. While communicable diseases, including HIV/AIDS, remain a serious problem, the central health issue is that all economies face a rapid rise in chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. The rise in chronic diseases will cause suffering and premature loss of life; they are also costly to diagnose and treat, and will impose new pressures on health budgets. At the same time sharp changes are taking place in the age structure of the population of the APEC region – there will be no growth in the prime working age population over 2005-50 but an increase of 670 million persons aged 55 years and over. This will mean slower workforce and economic growth, together with rising demands on pension and social security systems. Managing these interrelated challenges to growth, health policy and financial sustainability will require substantial but well-planned investments in health innovation, guided by an integrated approach bringing together economic, financial, technology and health policy expertise. New data from the World Health Organisation (WHO), on projected mortality and the burden of disease for the APEC region to 2030, are now available and allow the key health challenges facing the region to be better defined 1. These data are provided for two groups of economies within APEC – referred to here as developed and developing economies. Deaths from communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions ('communicable diseases') totalled 2.3 million in the APEC region in 2005, of which 1.9 million were in developing economies. Deaths from these causes are projected to remain at 2.0 million (and The authors are most grateful to Dr Colin Mathers of the Evidence and Information for Policy Cluster of WHO for …

Peter Sheehan

Papers

Evaluating interventions to reduce child marriage in India

Directions for Industry Policy in Western Australia within the Global Knowledge Economy: Sustainable Prosperity through Global Integration

Building on the Western Australian Boom: The Drivers and Shapers of China's Economic Development in the 21st Century

Small Scale Technologies: Directions for Victoria

Developing an Integrated Approach to Emerging Health Challenges