Remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) represents a strategy for harnessing the body's endogenous protective capabilities against the injury incurred by ischaemia and reperfusion. It describes the intriguing phenomenon in which transient non-lethal ischaemia and reperfusion of one organ or tissue confers resistance to a subsequent episode of lethal ischaemia reperfusion injury in a remote organ or tissue. In its original conception, it described intramyocardial protection, which could be relayed from the myocardium served by one coronary artery to another. It soon became apparent that myocardial infarct size could be dramatically reduced by applying brief ischaemia and reperfusion to an organ or tissue remote from the heart before the onset of myocardial infarction. The concept of remote organ protection has now been extended beyond that of solely protecting the heart to providing a general form of inter-organ protection against ischaemia-reperfusion injury. This article reviews the history and evolution of the phenomenon that is RIPC, the potential mechanistic pathways underlying its cardioprotective effect, and its emerging application in the clinical setting.

Remote ischaemic preconditioning: underlying mechanisms and clinical application.

Materials chemistry and the pursuit of new compounds through exploratory synthesis are having a strong impact in many technological fields. The field of nonlinear optics is directly impacted by the availability of enabling materials with high performance. Nonlinear optical (NLO) phenomena such as second harmonic and difference frequency generation (SHG and DFG, respectively) are effective at producing a coherent laser beam in difficult to reach frequency regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Such regions include the infrared (IR), far-infrared, and terahertz frequencies. High performance NLO crystals are critical for applications utilizing these coherent light sources, and new materials are continuously sought for better conversion efficiency and performance. The class of metal chalcogenides is the most promising source of potential NLO materials with desirable properties particularly in the IR region where most classes of materials face various fundamental challenges. We review the recent developments...

Metal Chalcogenides: A Rich Source of Nonlinear Optical Materials

Remote Ischemic Preconditioning: A Novel Protective Method From Ischemia Reperfusion Injury—A Review

Analysis and prediction of mid-IR nonlinear optical metal sulfides with diamond-like structures

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(09)61421-5.pdf

Translation of remote ischaemic preconditioning into clinical practice.

Any application of lasers in medicine is based on a compromise between the efficiency with which the laser radiation interacts with biological tissue and the concomitant collateral effects. Correspondingly, parameters minimizing undesirable damage to tissue must be determined. The development of a new generation of solid-state lasers tunable over a wide range in the mid-IR range of the spectrum with parametric generation of light and a combination of high radiation intensity and relatively low pulse energy at high repetition frequency opens up new possibilities for less-invasive, high-precision, laser surgery, first and foremost, in ophthamology and neuro- and cardiosurgery.

Medical applications of mid-IR lasers. Problems and prospects

Does nitric oxide generation contribute to the mechanism of remote ischemic preconditioning

A fluorescence–reflection multichannel fiber spectrometer has been developed that makes it possible to carry out a wide range of biomedical research, including estimating the concentration of glycation end-products in the skin and the oxidation–reduction state of various tissues. It has the feature of being able to simultaneously record diffuse reflection spectra and fluorescence emission. The fluorescence is excited by an LED that emits at 365 nm. The fluorescence spectra are recorded in the 400–750 nm region, while the reflection spectra are recorded in the 350–750 nm region. The convergence of the results of the measurements is 1.6%. A technique is proposed for correcting the autofluorescence index of the skin that makes it possible to sharply reduce its dependence on the degree of skin pigmentation. The possibilities of the device are illustrated by examples of biomedical research.

Spectrometer for fluorescence–reflection biomedical research

A method is proposed for evaluating age changes of the skin, based on an analysis of images obtained by means of the EcoSkin fluorescence dermatoscope. Parameters calculated by multiple regression analysis that combine information on aging at the molecular and morphological levels serve as integral markers of age changes of the skin. Measurements on sections of the skin subjected to solar action or protected from it make it possible to evaluate the photoage and bioage of the skin separately. Measurements of the corresponding parameters in seventy women with skin phototypes II and III, aged from 13to93years, provided correlation coefficients of 0.83-0.87 with calendar age. When age according to the person's external appearance was taken into account, these coefficients increased to 0.92-0.94.

Method of estimating the biological age of skin by means of a fluorescence multispectral video dermatoscope

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC, i.e. increase in the organ resistance to a prolonged ischemia which occurs after a brief ischemic challenge) seems to be one of the most powerful endogenous cardioprotective mechanisms known to date. Current data regarding molecular mechanisms of early (classic) IPC as well as the second window of protection are reviewed in the context of the concept of sequential three-staged development of protective effect. Based on original and published data, possible mechanisms of remote IPC are considered. The review comprises current ideas of existence of the IPC clinical correlates and its use in clinic.

Petrishchev Nn

Papers

Medical applications of mid-IR lasers. Problems and prospects

Does nitric oxide generation contribute to the mechanism of remote ischemic preconditioning

Spectrometer for fluorescence–reflection biomedical research

Method of estimating the biological age of skin by means of a fluorescence multispectral video dermatoscope

[Myocardial ischemic preconditioning: pathophysiological mechanisms and prospects of clinical application (a literature review)].