Gait analysis using wearable sensors is an inexpensive, convenient, and efficient manner of providing useful information for multiple health-related applications. As a clinical tool applied in the rehabilitation and diagnosis of medical conditions and sport activities, gait analysis using wearable sensors shows great prospects. The current paper reviews available wearable sensors and ambulatory gait analysis methods based on the various wearable sensors. After an introduction of the gait phases, the principles and features of wearable sensors used in gait analysis are provided. The gait analysis methods based on wearable sensors is divided into gait kinematics, gait kinetics, and electromyography. Studies on the current methods are reviewed, and applications in sports, rehabilitation, and clinical diagnosis are summarized separately. With the development of sensor technology and the analysis method, gait analysis using wearable sensors is expected to play an increasingly important role in clinical applications.

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Gait analysis using wearable sensors.

Several simplified design procedures for solar energy systems require monthly average meteorological data. Monthly average daily totals of the solar radiation incident on a horizontal surface are available. However, radiation data on tilted surfaces, required by the design procedures, are generally not available. A simple method of estimating the average daily radiation for each calendar month on surfaces facing directly towards the equator has been presented by Liu and Jordan [1]. This method is verified with experimental measurements and extended to allow calculation of monthly average radiation on surfaces of a wide range of orientations.

Calculation of monthly average insolation on tilted surfaces

This paper deals with the theory and application of Cellular Automata (CA) for a class of block ciphers and stream ciphers. Based on CA state transitions certain fundamental transformations are defined which are block ciphering functions of the proposed enciphering scheme, These fundamental transformations are found to generate the simple (alternating) group of even permutations which in turn is a subgroup of the permutation group, These functions are implemented with a class of programmable cellular automata (PCA) built around rules 51, 153, and 195. Further, high quality pseudorandom pattern generators built around rule 90 and 150 programmable cellular automata with a rule selector (i.e., combining function) has been proposed as running key generators in stream ciphers, Both the schemes provide better security against different types of attacks. With a simple, regular, modular and cascadable structure of CA, hardware implementation of such schemes idealy suit VLSI implementation. >

Theory and applications of cellular automata in cryptography

Enhancing the performance of building integrated photovoltaics

The tilt angle of a solar energy system is one of the important parameters for capturing maximum solar radiation falling on the solar panels. This angle is site specific as it depends on the daily, monthly and yearly path of the sun. The accurate determination of the optimum tilt angle for the location of interest is essential for maximum energy production by the system. A number of methods have been used for determining the tilt angle at different locations worldwide. Keeping in view the relevance of the optimum tilt angle in energy production and reducing the cost of solar energy systems, the present study has been undertaken. This paper provides the update status of research and applications of various methods for determining solar panel tilt angle using different optimization techniques. The study shows that for maximum energy gain, the optimum tilt angle for solar systems must be determined accurately for each location. The review will be useful for designers and researchers to select suitable methodology for determining optimal tilt angle for solar systems at any site.

Tilt angle optimization to maximize incident solar radiation: A review

This paper presents a new parallel algorithm for collision-free path planning of a diamond-shaped robot among arbitrarily shaped obstacles, which are represented as a discrete image, and its implementation in VLSI. The proposed algorithm is based on a retraction of free space onto the Voronoi diagram, which is constructed through the time evolution of cellular automata, after an initial phase during which the boundaries of obstacles are identified and coded with respect to their orientation. The proposed algorithm is both space and time efficient, since it does not require the modeling of objects or distance and intersection calculations. Additionally, the proposed twodimensional multistate cellular automaton architecture achieves high frequency of operation and it is particularly suited for VLSI implementation due to its inherent parallelism, structural locality, regularity, and modularity.

Collision-free path planning for a diamond-shaped robot using two-dimensional cellular automata

A new vector median filter for colour image processing

The use of a simple hybrid cellular automaton (combining rules 90 and 150 in Wolfram's notation) as a built-in self test (BIST) structure for VLSI systems is considered. Two six-bit pseudorandom number generators based on cellular automata (CA) and LFSR have been designed using 2 mu m design rules for an N-well CMOS process. Layout has been achieved using ChipWise. Comparative performance studies of these CA-based new pseudorandom number generators and the LFSR-based generators show the great advantage of these CA-based BIST structures over the LFSR. The group and semigroup algebraic properties of 1-D null bounded elementary cellular automata with the linear evolution rules 90 and 150 are also presented and discussed, together with their state transition graphs. The variety of symmetries of these CA systems results in a multiplicity of functional dependences for the group and semigroup orders of the associated algebraic structures and the CA length N.

Pseudorandom number generators for VLSI systems based on linear cellular automata

This paper presents digital techniques to design an optical-fiber photo-plethysmograph. This noninvasive method is based on the measurement of the intensity of an infrared-light beam, which penetrates the index finger. Sinusoidal modulation of the light-beam by driving an infrared LED is proposed. The method of direct digital synthesis is used to produce a very stable sinusoidal waveform. Optical fibers are used to transfer the light to and from the sampling point. Synchronous amplitude demodulation is used here instead of using analog low-pass filters, so the information concerning the amplitude is almost noiseless. Off-line frequency analysis of the peripheral volume pulse-wave signal is performed. The power content in the harmonics of this pulse wave may be a useful measure of aging and vascular disease.

Ph. Tsalides

Papers

Collision-free path planning for a diamond-shaped robot using two-dimensional cellular automata

A new vector median filter for colour image processing

Pseudorandom number generators for VLSI systems based on linear cellular automata

Optical-fiber finger photo-plethysmograph using digital techniques

A cellular automaton model for the study of DNA sequence evolution.