Context. Apart from causing tragic loss of lives and valuable natural and individual properties including thousands of hectares of forest and hundreds of houses, forest fires are a great menace to ecologically healthy grown forests and protection of the environment. Every year, thousands of forest fires across the globe cause disasters beyond measure and description. This issue has been the research interest for many years; there are a huge amount of very well studied solutions available out there for testing or even ready for use to resolve this problem. Aim. This work will summarise all the technologies that have been used for forest fire detection with exhaustive surveys of their techniques/methods used in this application. Methods. A lot of methods and systems are available in the market and for research. The paper reviews all the methods and discusses examples of research experiment results and some market product methods for better understanding. Result. Each technique has its own advantages and disadvantages. A full discussions provided after each type. Conclusion. A full table is provided at the end to summarise a comparison between the four methods.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1155/2014/597368

A Review on Forest Fire Detection Techniques

A fast accumulative motion orientation model based on integral image for video smoke detection

Smoke detection in video using wavelets and support vector machines

For decades detection and monitoring of forest and other wildland fires has relied heavily on aircraft (and satellites). Technical advances and improved affordability of both sensors and sensor platforms promise to revolutionize the way aircraft detect, monitor and help suppress wildfires. Sensor systems like hyperspectral cameras, image intensifiers and thermal cameras that have previously been limited in use due to cost or technology considerations are now becoming widely available and affordable. Similarly, new airborne sensor platforms, particularly small, unmanned aircraft or drones, are enabling new applications for airborne fire sensing. In this review we outline the state of the art in direct, semi-automated and automated fire detection from both manned and unmanned aerial platforms. We discuss the operational constraints and opportunities provided by these sensor systems including a discussion of the objective evaluation of these systems in a realistic context.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/8/1310/pdf

Airborne Optical and Thermal Remote Sensing for Wildfire Detection and Monitoring.

Video-based smoke detection with histogram sequence of LBP and LBPV pyramids

An image processing technique for automatically detecting forest fire

Automatic forest fire detection with CCD cameras requires a landscape image analysis in two stages: first the tracking of local dynamic envelopes of pixels, and second the discrimination between the various natural phenomena that may cause such envelopes. For this second process, we have to deal with restrictive conditions: lack of spatial information, complexity of motions, and real-time constraints on detection. We present here a fast algorithm adapted to the extraction of complex motions in small spatial envelopes. The principle of the method is to extract local motions from cluster analysis of points in a multidimensional temporal embedding space. We detail the four successive steps of this method: temporal embedding of gray-levels, fractal indexing of points, chaining points into a linked list, and motion extraction from point sequences of the linked list.

Real-time identification of smoke images by clustering motions on a fractal curve with a temporal embedding method

The present invention relates to a process and a device for analyzing the movement of the eye or eyes of a patient, i.e. of a human being or animal. A device comprising a first video camera, a second video camera, which first and second cameras are mounted on a spectacle frame and are rigidly connected together and form part of a removable module; said dirst and second cameras have points of sight of their respective scenes which are close. The technical domain of the invention is that of the manufacture of devices for measuring the movement of the eyes.

Process and device for eye movement analysis

Previous studies have shown the vulnerability of the vestibular system regarding barotraumatism (1) and deep diving may induce immediate neurological changes (2). These extreme conditions (high pressure, limited examination time, restricted space, hydrogen-oxygen mixture, communication difficulties etc.) require adapted technology and associated fast experimental procedure. We were able to solve these problems by developing a new system of 3-D ocular movements on line analysis by means of a video camera. This analyser uses image processing and forms recognition software which allows non-invasive video frequency calculation of eye movements including torsional component. As this system is immediately ready for use, we were able to realize the subsequent examinations in a maximum time of 8 min for each diver: oculomotor tests including saccadic, slow and optokinetic traditional automatic measurements; vestibular tests regarding spontaneous and positional nystagmus, and reactional nystagmus to the pendular test. For pendular induced nystagmus we used appropriate head positions to stimulate separately the lateral and the posterior semicircular canal, and we measured the gain by operating successively in visible light and complete darkness. Recordings were done during a simulated onshore dive to an ambient pressure corresponding to a depth of 350 m. The above examinations were completed on the first and last days by caloric tests with the same video system analyser. The results of the investigations demonstrated perfect tolerance of the oculomotor and vestibular systems of these 4 divers thus fulfilling the preventive conditions defined by Comex Co. We were able to overcome the limitations due to low cost PC computer operation and cameras (necessity of adaptation to pressure, focus difficulties and direct light exposure eye reflexions). We still have on line accurate measurements even on the torsional component of the eye movement. Due to this technological efficiency we also present some mathematical aspects of the software.

3-D Eye Movement Measurements on Four Comex's Divers Using Video CCD Cameras, during High Pressure Diving

2132720 9416612 PCTABS00167 La presente invention est relative a un procede et un dispositif d'analyse du mouvement de l'oeil ou des yeux d'un patient, c'est-a-dire d'un etre humain ou animal. Un dispositif comportant une premiere camera video (3), une deuxieme camera video (5), lesquelles premiere et deuxieme cameras sont montees sur une monture (9) de lunette et sont rigidement liees entre elles et font partie d'un module (16) amovible; lesdites premiere et deuxieme cameras ont des points de visee de leurs scenes respectives qui sont rapproches. Le domaine technique de l'invention est celui de la fabrication de dispositif de mesure du mouvement des yeux.

Philippe Guillemant

Papers

An image processing technique for automatically detecting forest fire

Real-time identification of smoke images by clustering motions on a fractal curve with a temporal embedding method

Process and device for eye movement analysis

3-D Eye Movement Measurements on Four Comex's Divers Using Video CCD Cameras, during High Pressure Diving

Procédé et dispositif d'analyse du mouvement de l'Óoeil.