Problem Given the number of times in which an unknown event has happened and failed: Required the chance that the probability of its happening in a single trial lies somewhere between any two degrees of probability that can be named. SECTION 1 Definition 1. Several events are inconsistent, when if one of them happens, none of the rest can. 2. Two events are contrary when one, or other of them must; and both together cannot happen. 3. An event is said to fail, when it cannot happen; or, which comes to the same thing, when its contrary has happened. 4. An event is said to be determined when it has either happened or failed. 5. The probability of any event is the ratio between the value at which an expectation depending on the happening of the event ought to be computed, and the value of the thing expected upon it’s 2 happening.

An essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances. [Facsimil]

Recently, meta-heuristic algorithms have made remarkable progress in solving types of complex and NP-hard problems. So that, most of this algorithms are inspired by swarm intelligence and biological systems as well as other physical and chemical systems in nature. Of course, different divisions for meta-heuristic algorithms have been presented so far, and the number of these algorithms is increasing day by day. Among the meta-heuristic algorithms, some algorithms have a very high efficiency, which are a suitable method for solving real-world problems, but some algorithms have not been sufficiently studied. One of the nature-inspired meta-heuristic algorithms is symbiotic organisms search (SOS), which has been able to solve the majority of engineering issues so far. In this paper, firstly, the primary principles, the basic concepts, and mathematical relations of the SOS algorithm are presented and then the engineering applications of the SOS algorithm and published researches in different applications are examined as well as types of modified and multi-objective versions and hybridized discrete models of this algorithm are studied. This study encourages the researchers and developers of meta-heuristic algorithms to use this algorithm for solving various problems, because it is a simple and powerful algorithm to solve complex and NP-hard problems. In addition, a detailed and perfect statistical analysis was performed on the studies that had used this algorithm. According to the accomplished studies and investigations, features and factors of this algorithm are better than other meta-heuristic algorithm, which has increased its usability in various fields.

A comprehensive survey on symbiotic organisms search algorithms

Bayesian Networks and Decision Graphs (2nd ed.), by F. V. Jenson and T. D. Nielsen

Bridges are critical infrastructure, and effective operation and maintenance (O&M) is essential for ensuring the good condition of bridges. Owing to the increasing complexity of modern bridges and ...

Critical review of data-driven decision-making in bridge operation and maintenance

The vehicle scanning method (VSM), an indirect approach for bridge measurement, has attracted intensive attention since it was proposed by Yang and co-workers in 2004. This method is featured by the fact that no vibration sensors need to be mounted on the bridge, but only one or few vibration sensors are required on the test vehicle. Such an idea has been verified by the field tests, and then quickly extended to construction of mode shapes, identification of damping ratios, and detection of damages for bridges, among others. Compared with the conventional direct method that relies fully on the vibration responses recorded by sensors equipped on the bridge, the advantage of the indirect method is obvious: mobility, economy, and efficiency. Over the years, a rapidly growing number of research works have been conducted along the lines of the VSM for bridge measurement. Particularly, extensive lab experiments and field tests have been carried out worldwide to implement the VSM, resulting in numerous new findings. Moreover, while the technique is still flourishing, it is nourished by inclusion of modern devices such as smartphones, vehicular networks, and cloud. In 2018, a review paper was compiled by two of the authors. To reflect the recent rapid growth of research in this area since then, there exists a need to make an expansion to include the huge number of newly published papers (274 papers in total). As an extension of the 2018 paper, this paper represents a state-of-the-art review of the related researches conducted worldwide. Comments and recommendations will be made at proper places, while concluding remarks including future research directions will be presented at the end of the paper. 

Recent Advances in Researches on Vehicle Scanning Method for Bridges

It is generally accepted that climate change is leading to increased frequency of extreme weather events worldwide, and this is placing heavier demands on an already aging infrastructure-network. Bridges are particularly vulnerable infrastructure assets that are prone to damage or failure from climate-related actions. In particular, bridges over waterways can be adversely affected by flooding, specifically the washing away of foundation soils, a mechanism known as scour erosion. Scour is the leading cause of failure for bridges with foundations in water as it can rapidly compromise foundation stiffness often resulting in unacceptable movements or even collapse. There is growing interest among asset managers in applying health monitoring approaches to assess the real-time performance of bridges under damaging actions, including scour. Sensor-based approaches involve the acquisition of data such as dynamic measurements, which can be used to infer the existence of scour or other damage without the laborious requirements of undertaking visual inspections. In this paper, a framework is proposed to assess the benefit obtained from health monitoring systems as compared to the scenario where no monitoring system is employed on a bridge, to ascertain how useful these systems are at assisting decision-making. Decisions typically relate to the implementation of traffic restrictions or even partial or complete bridge closure in the event of damage being detected, which has associated consequences for a network. A case study is presented to demonstrate the approach postulated in this paper.

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A framework for assessing the value of information for health monitoring of scoured bridges

The management of civil infrastructures in the aftermath of a seismic event is a concern for decision makers, which have to choose quickly among alternative actions with limited knowledge on the ac...

The value of structural health monitoring in seismic emergency management of bridges

The state of engineering systems changes in time due to the effect of gradual (e.g. corrosion, fatigue) and shock deterioration (e.g. earthquakes, floods, and tornados). At specified moments, for e...

Quantifying the value of information from inspecting and monitoring engineering systems subject to gradual and shock deterioration

Response-based time-invariant methods for damage localization on a concrete bridge

This paper addresses the structural health monitoring (SHM) of the bell tower of the Basilica of San Pietro in Perugia, Italy, which is located in a seismic area. Known as one of the landmarks of the Umbrian capital, the tower belongs to a monumental complex of exceptional historical and cultural value. Therefore, its protection with respect to earthquakes is an important issue. To this purpose, a vibration-based SHM system able to detect anomalies in the structural behaviour by means of statistical process control tools has been installed in the tower and is under continuous operation since December 2014. The effects of the 2016-2017 Central Italy seismic sequence were clearly detected by this system, even if earthquakes took place at relatively large distance from the bell tower. The large amount of SHM data collected over four years allowed to assess the modifications in the structural behaviour of the bell tower in post-earthquake conditions.

Pier Francesco Giordano

Papers

A framework for assessing the value of information for health monitoring of scoured bridges

The value of structural health monitoring in seismic emergency management of bridges

Quantifying the value of information from inspecting and monitoring engineering systems subject to gradual and shock deterioration

Response-based time-invariant methods for damage localization on a concrete bridge

Four years of structural health monitoring of the San Pietro bell tower in Perugia, Italy: two years before the earthquake versus two years after