Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism

Drug addiction is a pathological state; the disorder involves the progression of acute drug use to the development of drug seeking behavior. The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition, categorized three stages of drug addictions preoccupation, anticipation, binge intoxication and withdrawal or negative effect. These stages are characterized respectively by constant craving and preoccupation with obtaining the substance, using more of the substance and experience the necessary intoxicating effects and experiencing tolerance withdrawal symptoms and decrease motivation of normal life activities.

Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders 4th Edition

Background We report on mental disorders and violence for a birth cohort of young adults, regardless of their contact with the health or justice systems. Methods We studied 961 young adults who constituted 94% of a total-city birth cohort in New Zealand, April 1, 1972, through March 31, 1973. Past-year prevalence of mental disorders was measured using standardized DSM-III-R interviews. Past-year violence was measured using self-reports of criminal offending and a search of official conviction records. We also tested whether substance use before the violent offense, adolescent excessive perceptions of threat, and a juvenile history of conduct disorder accounted for the link between mental disorders and violence. Results Individuals meeting diagnostic criteria for alcohol dependence, marijuana dependence, and schizophrenia-spectrum disorder were 1.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-3.5), 3.8 (95% CI, 2.2-6.8), and 2.5 (95% CI, 1.1-5.7) times, respectively, more likely than control subjects to be violent. Persons with at least 1 of these 3 disorders constituted one fifth of the sample, but they accounted for half of the sample's violent crimes (10% of violence risk was uniquely attributable to schizophrenia-spectrum disorder). Among alcohol-dependent individuals, violence was best explained by substance use before the offense; among marijuana-dependent individuals, by a juvenile history of conduct disorder; and among individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorder, by excessive perceptions of threat and a history of conduct disorder. Conclusions In the age group committing most violent incidents, individuals with mental disorders account for a considerable amount of violence in the community. Different mental disorders are linked to violence via different core explanations, suggesting multiple-targeted prevention strategies.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/articlepdf/481658/yoa9346.pdf

Mental disorders and violence in a total birth cohort: results from the Dunedin Study.

Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837

Self-reports are often used in criminological research. Use of self-reports raises a number of important methodological issues including sampling options, participation and response rate concerns, and validity problems related to respondent characteristics, criminal involvement, and memory effects. Other central issues include instrument construction, conceptualization of the dependent variable, administration of the instrument, and reliability. The self-report method has improved greatly over the past fifty years. Many of its problems and limitations have been addressed. Although the self-report method does not replace other measures or methods, it has become a valuable tool for measuring criminal involvement and testing theory.

The Self-Report Methodology in Crime Research

This article considers a variety of arguments about why theory and research on animal abuse should be developed by criminologists. These include, with more or less satisfaction, the status of animal abuse as (1) a signifier of actual or potential interhuman conflict, (2) an existing object of criminal law, (3) an item in the utilitarian calculus on the avoidance of pain and suffering, (4) a violation of rights, and (5) one of several oppressions identified by feminism as an interconnected whole. The article concludes that animal abuse is an important object of study for criminology not only sui generis but also because its presence may indicate or predict situations of interhuman violence.

For a Nonspeciesist Criminology: Animal Abuse as An Object of Study *

Email this post Recommend (1) Report Abuse Gary Francione's latest book came out earlier this summer, and it's called \"Animals as Persons: Essays on the Abolition of Animal Exploitation.\" He is a Rutgers University distinguished professor of law and Nicholas deB. Katzenbach Scholar of Law and Philosophy. He's also written two of the foundational books in animal-rights theory -\"Rain Without Thunder: The Ideology of the Animal Rights Movement\" and \"Introduction to Animal Rights: Your Child or the Dog?\

Rain Without Thunder: THE Ideology OF THE Animal Rights Movement

Issues in Green Criminology: confronting harms against environments, humanity and other animals aims to provide, if not a manifesto, then at least a significant resource for thinking about green criminology, a rapidly developing field.

It offers a set of specially written introductions and a variety of current and new directions, wide-ranging in scope and international in terms of coverage and contributors. It provides focused discussions of current and cutting edge issues that will influence the emergence of a coherent perspective on green issues. The contributors are drawn from the leading thinkers in the field. The twelve chapters of the book explore the myriad ways in which governments, transnational corporations, military apparatuses and ordinary people going about their everyday lives routinely harm environments, other animals and humanity.

The book will be essential reading not only for students taking courses in colleges and universities but also for activists in the environmental and animal rights movements. Its concern is with an ever-expanding agenda − the whys, the hows and the whens of the generation and control of the many aspects of harm to environments, ecological systems and all species of animals, including humans. These harms include, but are not limited to, exploitation, modes of discrimination and disempowerment, degradation, abuse, exclusion, pain, injury, loss and suffering. Straddling and intersecting these many forms of harm are key concepts for a green criminology such as gender inequalities, racism, dominionism and speciesism, classism, the north/south divide, the accountability of science, and the ethics of global capitalist expansion.

Green criminology has the potential to provide not only a different way of examining and making sense of various forms of crime and control responses (some well known, others less so) but can also make explicable much wider connections that are not generally well understood. As all societies face up to the need to confront harms against environments, other animals and humanity, criminology will have a major role to play. This book will be an essential part of this process.

Issues in Green Criminology: Confronting Harms against Environments, Humanity and Other Animals

This paper seeks to introduce a view of bestiality which differs radically from both the anthropocentrism enshrined in the dogma of Judaeo-Christianity and also from the pseudo-liberal tolerance fa...

Rethinking Bestiality:: Towards a Concept of Interspecies Sexual Assault

This paper reviews evidence of a progression from animal abuse to interhuman violence. It finds that the "progression thesis" is supported not by a coherent research program but by disparate studies often lacking methodological and conceptual clarity. Set in the context of a debate about the theoretical adequacy of concepts like "animal abuse" and "animal cruelty," it suggests that the link between animal abuse and interhuman violence should be sought not only in the personal biographies of those individuals who abuse animals but also in those institutionalized social practices where animal abuse is routine, widespread, and socially acceptable.

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Piers Beirne

Papers

For a Nonspeciesist Criminology: Animal Abuse as An Object of Study *

Rain Without Thunder: THE Ideology OF THE Animal Rights Movement

Issues in Green Criminology: Confronting Harms against Environments, Humanity and Other Animals

Rethinking Bestiality:: Towards a Concept of Interspecies Sexual Assault

From Animal Abuse to Interhuman Violence? A Critical Review of the Progression Thesis