The last decade has witnessed significant advances in energy harvesting technologies as a possible alternative to provide a continuous power supply for small, low-power devices in applications, such as wireless sensing, data transmission, actuation, and medical implants. Piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH) has been a salient topic in the literature and has attracted widespread attention from researchers due to its advantages of simple architecture, high power density, and good scalability. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the state-of-the-art of piezoelectric energy harvesting. Various key aspects to improve the overall performance of a PEH device are discussed, including basic fundamentals and configurations, materials and fabrication, performance enhancement mechanisms, applications, and future outlooks.

A comprehensive review on piezoelectric energy harvesting technology: Materials, mechanisms, and applications

Energy harvesting technologies have been explored by researchers for more than two decades as an alternative to conventional power sources (e.g. batteries) for small-sized and low-power electronic devices. The limited life-time and necessity for periodic recharging or replacement of batteries has been a consistent issue in portable, remote, and implantable devices. Ambient energy can usually be found in the form of solar energy, thermal energy, and vibration energy. Amongst these energy sources, vibration energy presents a persistent presence in nature and manmade structures. Various materials and transduction mechanisms have the ability to convert vibratory energy to useful electrical energy, such as piezoelectric, electromagnetic, and electrostatic generators. Piezoelectric transducers, with their inherent electromechanical coupling and high power density compared to electromagnetic and electrostatic transducers, have been widely explored to generate power from vibration energy sources. A topical review of piezoelectric energy harvesting methods was carried out and published in this journal by the authors in 2007. Since 2007, countless researchers have introduced novel materials, transduction mechanisms, electrical circuits, and analytical models to improve various aspects of piezoelectric energy harvesting devices. Additionally, many researchers have also reported novel applications of piezoelectric energy harvesting technology in the past decade. While the body of literature in the field of piezoelectric energy harvesting has grown significantly since 2007, this paper presents an update to the authors' previous review paper by summarizing the notable developments in the field of piezoelectric energy harvesting through the past decade.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-665X/ab36e4/pdf

A review of energy harvesting using piezoelectric materials: state-of-the-art a decade later (2008–2018)

For large photovoltaic power generation plants, number of panels are interconnected in series and parallel to form a photovoltaic (PV) array. In this configuration, partial shade will result in decrease in power output and introduce multiple peaks in the P–V curve. As a consequence, the modules in the array will deliver different row currents. Therefore, to maximize the power extraction from PV array, the panels need to be reconfigured for row current difference minimization. Row current minimization via Su Do Ku game theory do physical relocation of panels may cause laborious work and lengthy interconnecting ties. Hence, in this paper, an alternative to physical relocation based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) connected modules is proposed. In this method, the physical location of the modules remains unchanged, while its electrical connections are altered. Extensive simulations with different shade patterns are carried out and thorough analysis with the help of I–V , P–V curves is carried out to support the usefulness of the proposed method. The effectiveness of proposed PSO technique is evaluated via performance analysis based on energy saving and income generation. Further, a comprehensive comparison of various electrical array reconfiguration based is performed at the last to examine the suitability of proposed array reconfiguration method.

Particle Swarm Optimization Based Solar PV Array Reconfiguration of the Maximum Power Extraction Under Partial Shading Conditions

electromagnetic simulation using the fdtd method is available in our book collection an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our digital library hosts in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Kindly say, the electromagnetic simulation using the fdtd method is universally compatible with any devices to read.

Electromagnetic Simulation Using The Fdtd Method

The amount of literature on partial discharge (PD) and partial discharge induced degradation is vast. In the past 10-20 years significant progress has been made on research within partial discharge induced aging of dielectrics. Researchers now agree on the main mechanisms pertaining to this topic. With the advent of a new generation of dielectrics of which many properties now can be affected by the introduction of small amounts of nano-sized particles it seems to be a good moment to review the progress on the understanding of PD induced aging. Focusing on internal partial discharge in solid polymeric insulation this paper tries to identify achievements and at the same time challenges still to be solved.

/pdf/degradation-of-solid-dielectrics-due-to-internal-partial-p7t3m31s2v.pdf

Degradation of solid dielectrics due to internal partial discharge: some thoughts on progress made and where to go now

Non-uniform irradiance significantly decreases the power delivered by solar photovoltaic arrays. A promising technique for compensating these power losses relies on dynamically reconfiguring the electrical connections between photovoltaic modules. This paper presents the current state-of-the-art strategies for photovoltaic array reconfiguration in order to increase the power output under partial shading and mismatch conditions. The different approaches have been compared in terms of effectiveness of the control algorithms, monitored electrical and environmental variables, overall hardware complexity and specific features of each solution. Finally, the most challenging aspects of the reconfiguration strategy are identified and further discussed.

Reconfigurable electrical interconnection strategies for photovoltaic arrays: A review

In the last decade, remarkable developments have concerned the methods of space charge measurement in the field of insulation systems diagnostic. In particular, methods based on acoustic and thermal phenomena have been largely used. The present review provides a broad overview on the different techniques used describing, for each of them, the working principle, the main features and the most relevant applications. Further details are provided for the Pulsed Electro-Acoustic (PEA) method, as it seems to be the most used. This article provides more details on its historical evolution, showing evidence for its technological limits and taking into consideration the advantages and drawn from the different configurations of the measuring cell. A similar approach has been used for the group of thermal methods, whereas for the optical methods only the basic working principle and latest applications are reported.

Review of space charge measurement systems: acoustic, thermal and optical methods

In this paper the effects of temperature on partial discharge (PD) activity taking place inside a spherical void in epoxy resin system are studied. Indeed, some experimental tests previously performed on specimens, having different void shapes, under multi-stress condition of temperature and voltage, have shown very different PD amplitude distributions at temperatures higher than ambient. However, this phenomenon cannot be explained only by taking into account the different thermobaric conditions of the enclosed gas. In consequence of the general physical inaccessibility of such voids, a study is here performed using a numerical model based on an evolutionary optimization algorithm. This is used to evaluate the range values for the physical parameters of the insulating system influencing the observed changes in PD activity. Finally, comments are presented about the adopted criteria by which the comparison between the experimental data and the simulated ones is performed, and about the interpretation of the dependence on temperature of the experimental PD.

On PD mechanisms at high temperature in voids included in an epoxy resin

Dynamic programming and Munkres algorithm for optimal photovoltaic arrays reconfiguration

In this paper, the research of the optimal layout of photovoltaic (PV) modules in a PV array giving the maximum output power under different shaded working conditions is carried out. The particular condition of non uniform solar exposition of the modules is analyzed. The study of the different configurations has been carried out starting from a circuital model used for the design of PV cells and for the simulation of the working behavior of PV arrays. The attained results appear to be interesting although the complexity of the problem in mathematical terms is huge when the number of panels is high. Moreover, the results confirm that this approach often allows to attain a higher electrical energy production compared to that attainable with PV arrays with a static layout.

Pietro Romano

Papers

Reconfigurable electrical interconnection strategies for photovoltaic arrays: A review

Review of space charge measurement systems: acoustic, thermal and optical methods

On PD mechanisms at high temperature in voids included in an epoxy resin

Dynamic programming and Munkres algorithm for optimal photovoltaic arrays reconfiguration

Reconfiguration Techniques of Partial Shaded PV Systems for the Maximization of Electrical Energy Production