Big data has generated strong interest in various scientific and engineering domains over the last few years. Despite many advantages and applications, there are many challenges in big data to be tackled for better quality of service, e.g., big data analytics, big data management, and big data privacy and security. Blockchain with its decentralization and security nature has the great potential to improve big data services and applications. In this article, we provide a comprehensive survey on blockchain for big data, focusing on up-to-date approaches, opportunities, and future directions. First, we present a brief overview of blockchain and big data as well as the motivation behind their integration. Next, we survey various blockchain services for big data, including blockchain for secure big data acquisition, data storage, data analytics, and data privacy preservation. Then, we review the state-of-the-art studies on the use of blockchain for big data applications in different vertical domains such as smart city, smart healthcare, smart transportation, and smart grid. For a better understanding, some representative blockchain-big data projects are also presented and analyzed. Finally, challenges and future directions are discussed to further drive research in this promising area.

A Survey on Blockchain for Big Data: Approaches, Opportunities, and Future Directions.

Industry 4.0 involves innovations with upcoming digital technologies, and blockchain is one of them. Blockchain can be incorporated to improve security, privacy, and data transparency both for small and large enterprises. Industry 4.0 is a synthesis of the new production methods that allow manufacturers to achieve their target more rapidly. Research has been conducted on various Industry 4.0 technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), Big data, and Blockchain, and how they could create significant interruptions in recent years. These technologies provide various possibilities in the world of manufacturing and supply chain. Blockchain is a technology that has gained much recognition and can enhance the manufacturing and supply chain environment. Various fields now have fascinating insights into the advantages of blockchain. Several research articles on “Blockchain” and “Industry 4.0″ from Google Scholar, Scopus, and other relevant sources are identified and reviewed for this study. This paper discusses the major potential of Blockchain in Industry 4.0. Various drivers, enablers, and associated capabilities of Blockchain technology for Industry 4.0 are discussed for insights. Different Industry 4.0 spheres/sub-domains for Blockchain technology realisation are also discussed. Finally, we have identified and studied fourteen significant applications of Blockchain in Industry 4.0. It is a range of new developments and hope for immense opportunities that are changing Industry 4.0. This technology would work to achieve amplified outcomes and work individually to enhance the process.

Blockchain technology applications for Industry 4.0: A literature-based review

Conventional Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems involve data streaming from sensors, through Fog devices to a centralized Cloud server. Issues that arise include privacy concerns due to third party management of Cloud servers, single points of failure, a bottleneck in data flows and difficulties in regularly updating firmware for millions of smart devices from a point of security and maintenance perspective. Blockchain technologies avoid trusted third parties and safeguard against a single point of failure and other issues. This has inspired researchers to investigate blockchain’s adoption into IoT ecosystem. In this paper, recent state-of-the-arts advances in blockchain for IoT, blockchain for Cloud IoT and blockchain for Fog IoT in the context of eHealth, smart cities, intelligent transport and other applications are analyzed. Obstacles, research gaps and potential solutions are also presented.

A survey on the adoption of blockchain in IoT: challenges and solutions

Agriculture is a vital area for the sustenance of mankind engulfing manufacturing, security, traceability, and sustainable resource management. With the resources receding expeditiously, it is of utmost significance to innovate techniques that help in the subsistence of agriculture. The growth of Internet of Things (IoT) and Blockchain technology as two rapidly emerging fields can ameliorate the state of food chain today. This paper provides a rigorous literature review to inspect the state-of-the-art development of the schemes that provide information security using blockchain technology. After identifying the core requirements in smart agriculture, a generalized blockchain-based security architecture has been proposed. A detailed cost analysis has been conducted on the studied schemes. A meticulous comparative analysis uncovered the drawbacks in existing research. Furthermore, detailed analysis of the literature has also revealed the security goals towards which the research has been directed and helped to identify new avenues for future research using artificial intelligence.

Smart Secure Sensing for IoT-Based Agriculture: Blockchain Perspective

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A survey on blockchain for big data: Approaches, opportunities, and future directions

Due to the proliferation of ICT during the last few decades, there is an exponential increase in the usage of various smart applications such as smart farming, smart healthcare, supply-chain & logistics, business, tourism and hospitality, energy management etc. However, for all the aforementioned applications, security and privacy are major concerns keeping in view of the usage of the open channel, i.e., Internet for data transfer. Although many security solutions and standards have been proposed over the years to enhance the security levels of aforementioned smart applications, but the existing solutions are either based upon the centralized architecture (having single point of failure) or having high computation and communication costs. Moreover, most of the existing security solutions have focussed only on few aspects and fail to address scalability, robustness, data storage, network latency, auditability, immutability, and traceability. To handle the aforementioned issues, blockchain technology can be one of the solutions. Motivated from these facts, in this paper, we present a systematic review of various blockchain-based solutions and their applicability in various Industry 4.0-based applications. Our contributions in this paper are in four fold. Firstly, we explored the current state-of-the-art solutions in the blockchain technology for the smart applications. Then, we illustrated the reference architecture used for the blockchain applicability in various Industry 4.0 applications. Then, merits and demerits of the traditional security solutions are also discussed in comparison to their countermeasures. Finally, we provided a comparison of existing blockchain-based security solutions using various parameters to provide deep insights to the readers about its applicability in various applications.

Blockchain for Industry 4.0: A Comprehensive Review

In recent decades, the Internet of things (IoT) has had a huge impact on various domains, such as logistics, health care, robotics, and manufacturing, coping with an enormous amount of data transferred by different resource-constrained IoT network devices. For diverse applications, IoT can be seen as a network of devices comprising hardware, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity allowing the networked system to link, communicate, and share information. In IoT configurations, billions of devices can be connected to the Internet to transfer data quickly, efficiently, and securely. Though there are great advancements in IoT technologies, certain limitations are still to be considered. Firstly, IoT devices have limited resources like memory, computing power, and energy (Khanpara and Lavingia in Multimedia big data computing for IoT applications. Springer, Singapore, pp. 37–57, 2020). Besides, IoT devices may link the behavior of a person to their identity which challenges the privacy of a person. Many researchers have made numerous successful attempts to integrate reliable protocols with IoT devices that can function efficiently in a resource-constrained environment and robustly against data transmission security and privacy issues. IoT integrates with the wireless sensor network (WSN) and the mobile ad hoc network (MANET) in smart environments and is becoming much more desirable and economically efficient. The MANET is not only ideal for disaster situations but can also be used for robotic communication. Interaction with the IoT systems between WSNs and MANETs enables the development of new MANET-based IoT systems which give the consumer more mobility and lower costs. At the same time, the networking aspects open up new challenging issues. Hence, this chapter discusses various existing secure MANET protocols that provide secure data transmission and can also be used in the IoT environment to provide robustness in the presence of a variety of threats and vulnerabilities. This chapter also presents some major challenges in the emerging domain of MANET-based IoT systems for robotics.

Robust and Secure Routing Protocols for MANET-Based Internet of Things Systems—A Survey

In the recent days, wide-ranging cellular devices and purchaser gadgets in the Internet of Things (IoT) have created immense multimedia information in different types of media (for example, content, pictures, video, and sound). Due to this, there is a great increase in the research challenges for creating strategies and tools in addressing Multimedia Big Data (MMBD) for future IoT. As the worldwide framework for the ongoing data society, IoT empowers progressed benefits by interconnecting (virtual as well as physical) things dependent on existing and advancing interoperable data and correspondence advancements. An immense measure of connected objects will be installed universally in a couple of years. In the meantime, the utilization of MMBD has been developing colossally since recent years, while organizations are rapidly getting on what they remain to pick up. Actually, these two advances are affecting and molding one another. In spite of the fact that they emerge from various application situations, MMBD can be together utilized with machine learning, AI, factual, and other progressed procedures, models, and techniques to investigate or locate the profound incentive behind the immense information originated from IoT. Actually, the registering knowledge, including transformative calculation, neural systems, and the fuzzy hypothesis, is relied upon to assume a vital job for these issues. It is as yet one of the most scorching and most challenging fields to create novel processing knowledge for the reasonable situations concerned with the MMBD for future IoT. In this paper, we focus on one of the most important research domains in MMBD IoT, Energy Conservation. IoT devices communicate through the wireless communication medium and are expected to transmit information whenever needed. The battery life of IoT devices is an important concern for researchers and device manufacturers. Many exhaustive efforts have been put by researchers in this area. Since most IoT devices are usually deployed in remote and hostile environments out of reach for human users, it may not be possible to charge and recharge batteries frequently. Moreover, in MMBD IoT applications, a large volume of multimedia traffic needs to be processed, which consumes precious network resources such as bandwidth and energy. Thus, devising protocols for conserving energy of IoT devices in such environments has become a very interesting topic of research. There are various ways to achieve energy conservation in the MMBD IoT environment. Some of the popular research inclinations are designing energy-efficient communication protocols, developing of mechanisms that enable IoT devices to self-generate, recycle, store and harvest energy, and modifying underlying protocol stack of communication technologies to support energy efficiency. Our paper mainly focuses on the investigation of existing technologies and mechanisms in the above domains. We first present the need for energy conservation briefly and then discuss the key points of existing solutions for saving energy in IoT communications. At the end of the paper, we summarize our findings to describe the advantages and limitations of existing mechanisms and provide insights into possible research directions.

Energy Conservation in Multimedia Big Data Computing and the Internet of Things—A Challenge

A delay-tolerant network is a network which is designed to operate efficiently over extreme distances such as those in space communications. In these environments, latency is the major factor affecting the quality of the network. Delay-tolerant network is the network in which neither the nodes in the network are constantly connected to each other nor any specialized network infrastructure is available for managing the network. Due to this DTNs are already facing some major challenges like communication delay, data dissemination, and routing but another major challenge is to protect the network nodes from the attackers. Existing mechanisms provide security to a good extent but they are using a complex hashing algorithm which takes a significant amount of time ultimately affecting the limited bandwidth and limited battery life of mobile nodes. In this paper, we have presented the survey of three techniques used for preventing flooding attacks along with its advantages and disadvantages.

Survey of Techniques Used for Tolerance of Flooding Attacks in DTN

The ad hoc networks have dynamic topology and are infrastructure less. So it is required to implement a new network protocol for providing efficient end to end communication based on TCP/IP structure. There is a need to re-define or modify the functions of each layer of TCP/IP model to provide end to end communication between nodes. The mobility of the nodes and the limited resources are the main reason for this change. The main challenge in ad hoc networks is routing. Due to the mobility of the nodes in the ad hoc networks, routing becomes very difficult. Ant based algorithms are suitable for routing in ad hoc networks due to its dynamic nature and adaptive behavior. There are number of routing algorithms based on the concept of ant colony optimizations. It is quite difficult to determine the best ant based algorithm for routing as these algorithms perform differently under various circumstances such as the traffic distribution and network topology. In this paper, the overview of such routing algorithms is given.

Pimal Khanpara

Papers

Blockchain for Industry 4.0: A Comprehensive Review

Robust and Secure Routing Protocols for MANET-Based Internet of Things Systems—A Survey

Energy Conservation in Multimedia Big Data Computing and the Internet of Things—A Challenge

Survey of Techniques Used for Tolerance of Flooding Attacks in DTN

Routing in Ad Hoc Network Using Ant Colony Optimization