Background: Health care providers are adopting information and communication technologies (ICTs) to enhance their services. Telemedicine is one of the services that rely heavily on ICTs to enable remote patients to communicate with health care professionals; in this case, the patient communicates with the health care professional for a follow-up or for a consultation about his or her health condition. This communication process is referred to as an e-consultation. In this paper, telemedicine services refer to health care services that use ICTs, which enable patients to share, transfer, and communicate data or information in real time (ie, synchronous) from their home with a care provider—normally a physician—at a clinical site. However, the use of e-consultation services can be positively or negatively influenced by external or internal factors. External factors refer to the environment surrounding the system as well as the system itself, while internal factors refer to user behavior and motivation.
Objective: This review aims to investigate the barriers and the facilitators that influence the use of home consultation systems in the health care context. This review also aims to identify the effectiveness of Home Online Health Consultation (HOHC) systems in improving patients’ health as well as their satisfaction with the systems.
Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review to search for articles—empirical studies—about online health consultation in four digital libraries: Scopus, Association for Computing Machinery, PubMed, and Web of Science. The database search yielded 2518 articles; after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the number of included articles for the final review was 45. A qualitative content analysis was performed to identify barriers and facilitators to HOHC systems, their effectiveness, and patients’ satisfaction with them.
Results: The systematic literature review identified several external and internal facilitators and barriers to HOHC systems that were used in the creation of a HOHC framework. The framework consists of four requirements; the framework also consists of 17 facilitators and eight barriers, which were further categorized as internal and external influencers on HOHC.
Conclusions: Patients from different age groups and with different health conditions benefited from remote health services. HOHC via video conferencing was effective in delivering online treatment and was well-accepted by patients, as it simulated in-person, face-to-face consultation. Acceptance by patients increased as a result of online consultation facilitators that promoted effective and convenient remote treatment. However, some patients preferred face-to-face consultation and showed resistance to online consultation. Resistance to online consultation was influenced by some of the identified barriers. Overall, the framework identified the facilitators and barriers that positively and negatively influenced the uptake of HOHC systems, respectively.

/pdf/barriers-and-facilitators-that-influence-telemedicine-based-4hevkthzmw.pdf

Barriers and Facilitators That Influence Telemedicine-Based, Real-Time, Online Consultation at Patients’ Homes: Systematic Literature Review

The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has been used in wide range of applications, such as smart living, smart health and smart transportation. Among all these applications, smart home is most popular, in which the users/residents can control the operations of the various smart sensor devices from remote sites also. However, the smart devices and users communicate over an insecure communication channel, i.e., the Internet. There may be the possibility of various types of attacks, such as smart device capture attack, user, gateway node and smart device impersonation attacks and privileged-insider attack on a smart home network. An illegal user, in this case, can gain access over data sent by the smart devices. Most of the existing schemes reported in the literature for the remote user authentication in smart home environment are not secure with respect to the above specified attacks. Thus, there is need to design a secure remote user authentication scheme for a smart home network so that only authorized users can gain access to the smart devices. To mitigate the aforementioned isses, in this paper, we propose a new secure remote user authentication scheme for a smart home environment. The proposed scheme is efficient for resource-constrained smart devices with limited resources as it uses only one-way hash functions, bitwise XOR operations and symmetric encryptions/decryptions. The security of the scheme is proved using the rigorous formal security analysis under the widely-accepted Real-Or-Random (ROR) model. Moreover, the rigorous informal security analysis and formal security verification using the broadly-accepted Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) tool is also done. Finally, the practical demonstration of the proposed scheme is also performed using the widely-accepted NS-2 simulation.

Secure Remote User Authenticated Key Establishment Protocol for Smart Home Environment

Book review: Applied cryptography: Protocols, algorithms, and source code in C

The Universal Serial Bus (USB) is an extremely popular interface standard for computer peripheral connections and is widely used in consumer Mass Storage Devices (MSDs). While current consumer USB MSDs provide relatively high transmission speed and are convenient to carry, the use of USB MSDs has been prohibited in many commercial and everyday environments primarily due to security concerns. Security protocols have been previously proposed and a recent approach for the USB MSDs is to utilize multi-factor authentication. This paper proposes significant enhancements to the three-factor control protocol that now makes it secure under many types of attacks including the password guessing attack, the denial-of-service attack, and the replay attack. The proposed solution is presented with a rigorous security analysis and practical computational cost analysis to demonstrate the usefulness of this new security protocol for consumer USB MSDs.

/pdf/enhanced-three-factor-security-protocol-for-consumer-usb-1iscxmbwsz.pdf

Enhanced three-factor security protocol for consumer USB mass storage devices

Secure messages exchange among different vehicles is one of the most challenging tasks in future smart cities. Any malicious activity has the potential to compromise the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of messages exchanged between different vehicles. To ensure secure message communication among the vehicles in a smart city environment, a novel scheme using elliptic curve cryptographic (ECC) technique has been presented in this paper. For this purpose, a two-level authentication key exchange scheme has been designed. In the first level authentication, $\text{CH}$ s are verified by series of messages exchanged between $\text{CH}$ s and the $\text{CA}$ . The verified $\text{CH}$ s are responsible for authentication of vehicles in the second level authentication, followed by exchange of messages between $\text{CH}$ and vehicle. The security analysis using widely accepted Burrows–Abadi–Needham logic, formal security analysis using random oracle model and verification using the widely known automated validation of Internet security protocols and applications (AVISPA) tool, and also the informal security analysis have been done with respect to various types of attacks. Moreover, a comparative analysis of the proposed scheme with existing related schemes reveals that it generates low overhead and latency, and high reliability during messages exchange between vehicles and the $\text{CA}$ .

Secure Message Communication Protocol Among Vehicles in Smart City

This study proposes a three-factor control protocol for universal serial bus (USB) on an elliptic curve cryptosystem (ECC). USB is a universal interface used in an enormous number of devices. It has become the most popular interface standard for computer connections. However, since USB provides high transmission speed and is very convenient to carry, many workplace and commercial establishments have prohibited their employees from using USB devices. This precaution is an important way to prevent confidential data leaks via USB devices, as USB connections lack security management. Therefore the authors use a three-factor control protocol to ensure the security of USB connections. The proposed authentication protocol combines biometric, password and smart card to provide high security on the USB mutual authentication. To provide secure and efficient transmission between the user and the USB server, the proposed protocol adopts ECC to encrypt data. Compared to other encryption methods, the proposed protocol uses much smaller key sizes. As a further benefit, this protocol reduces the smart card computational cost and provides an efficient transmission for USB devices. This new scheme improves the security, efficiency and usability of the authentication process. More studies on USB are needed.

https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1049/iet-cdt.2012.0073

Three-factor control protocol based on elliptic curve cryptosystem for universal serial bus mass storage devices

As information technology continuously progresses, more applied technologies are developed, such as radio frequency identification (RFID). In this paper, we propose a novel digital television (DTV) structure that uses RFID for encryption. RFID is widely used for various applications because of its advantages such as an extended lifetime and security, and it is less affected by environmental constraints. The proposed protocol uses RFID for encryption to withstand many attacks that the traditional system is vulnerable to, such as impersonation attack, replay attack and smart card cloning. Compared with other protocols, the proposed protocol is more secure and efficient. Thus, our proposed protocol makes the DTV framework more complete and secure.

A practical RFID authentication mechanism for digital television

IPTV (Internet Protocol Television) is a very important field in the network development. Comparing to the traditional television, the IPTV combines the digital contents like media. The communication and the advertisement with the interaction serve into the emerging business model to provide the users to watch television service. Because the IPTV contains many merits; therefore, the world holds the high interest to develop of the IPTV. IPTV application scope is quite big, not only include wired and wireless, but also unify the telecommunication entrepreneur to provide the handset service, mobile device service and so on. It will be possible to affect the traditional television in the future, and even to displace it. If the user can use the IPTV effectively, it could be an enormous market. Generally, because the users' identities are easily exposed when Internet Protocol Television authenticate them, the best way to secure information security is to hide the identities of users. This paper will design the internet authentication system which is anonymous and secured. It can apply to solve the smart card duplication and the data resending attack problems. Session key and time-stamp of cryptography are used in the technique to achieve security and anonymous of the authentication process. Simultaneously, how to authenticate more efficiently by encryption in smart card authentication process is also our research objective. Further, this paper will contribute to how to build a security mechanism to prevent from the attacks. Based on those researches, this project plans to propose a new efficient and safe Internet Protocol Television. This new mechanism improves the security, efficiency and usability in the authentication process. More complete studies on Internet Protocol Television will be needed.

A New Key Exchange Protocol with Anonymity between STB and Smart Card in IPTV Broadcasting

A Novel Frequency Billing Service in Digital Television System.

Neuromorphic vision is one of the novel research fields that study neuromorphic cameras and spiking neural networks (SNNs) for computer vision. Instead of computing on frame-based images, spike events are streamed from neuromorphic cameras, and novel object detection algorithms have to deal with spike events to achieve detection tasks. In this paper, we propose a solution to the novel object detection method with spike events. Spike events are first encoded to event images according to the computational methodology of neuromorphic theory. The event images can be realized as change-detected images of moving objects with a high frame rate. A redesigned deep learning framework is proposed for object detection to process the event images. We propose a deep SNN method that is achieved by the conversion of successful convolution neural networks but trained by event images. The networks with multiscale representation are discussed and designed in our method. We also design a semi-automatic data labeling method to build event-image datasets by object tracking algorithms. The proposed solution, therefore, includes spike event encoding, a redesigned deep SNN, and an event-image data augmentation algorithm. Experiments are conducted not only on the MNIST-DVS dataset, which is a benchmark dataset for the study of neuromorphic vision but also on our event pedestrian detection dataset. The experimental results show that the performance of the deep SNN trained with our augmented data is close to the model trained on manually labeled data. A performance comparison based on the PAFBenchmark dataset shows that our proposed method has higher accuracy than existing SNN methods, and better energy efficiency and lower energy consumption than existing CNN methods. It demonstrates that our deep SNN method is a feasible solution for the study of neuromorphic vision. The intuition that deep SNN trained with more learning data can achieve better accuracy is also confirmed for this brand-new research field.

Ping-Hsien Wu

Papers

Three-factor control protocol based on elliptic curve cryptosystem for universal serial bus mass storage devices

A practical RFID authentication mechanism for digital television

A New Key Exchange Protocol with Anonymity between STB and Smart Card in IPTV Broadcasting

A Novel Frequency Billing Service in Digital Television System.

Spike-Event Object Detection for Neuromorphic Vision