Anlotinib is a new, orally administered tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFR), and c-kit Compared to the effect of placebo, it improved both progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in a phase III trial in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), despite progression of the cancer after two lines of prior treatments Recently, the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) approved single agent anlotinib as a third-line treatment for patients with advanced NSCLC Moreover, a randomized phase IIB trial demonstrated that anlotinib significantly prolonged the median PFS in patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma (STS) Anlotinib also showed promising efficacy in patients with advanced medullary thyroid carcinoma and metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) The tolerability profile of anlotinib is similar to that of other tyrosine kinase inhibitors that target VEGFR and other tyrosine kinase-mediated pathways; however, anlotinib has a significantly lower incidence of grade 3 or higher side effects compared to that of sunitinib We review the rationale, clinical evidence, and future perspectives of anlotinib for the treatment of multiple cancers

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Anlotinib: a novel multi-targeting tyrosine kinase inhibitor in clinical development.

Jiangsu Chia-Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical and Advenchen Laboratories are co-developing anlotinib (Focus V®) for the treatment of advanced cancer. Anlotinib is an oral small molecule inhibitor of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases, with a broad spectrum of inhibitory effects on tumour angiogenesis and growth. Anlotinib is approved in China for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who have undergone progression or recurrence after ≥ 2 lines of systemic chemotherapy. Anlotinib is also undergoing phase II and/or III clinical development for various sarcomas and carcinomas in China, USA and Italy. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of anlotinib leading to this first approval for NSCLC.

Anlotinib: First Global Approval

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents, with highly aggressive behavior and early systemic metastasis. The survival rates for osteosarcoma remain unchanged over the past two decades. Studies aiming to find new or alternative therapies for patients with refractory osteosarcoma are urgently needed. Anlotinib, a novel multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), has exhibited encouraging clinical activity in NSLCC and soft tissue sarcoma, whereas its effect on osteosarcoma has not been studied. In our study, we investigated the anti-tumor activity and underlying mechanism of anlotinib in osteosarcoma. Various in vitro and in vivo models of human osteosarcoma were used to determine the anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenesis and anti-metastasis efficacy of anlotinib. Our results showed that anlotinib suppressed tumor growth and increased the chemo-sensitivity of osteosarcoma. In addition, anlotinib inhibited migration and invasion in osteosarcoma cells. Furthermore, in order to explore the anti-tumor mechanism of anlotinib, phospho-RTK antibody arrays were performed. These analyses confirmed that anlotinib suppressed the phosphorylation of MET, VEGFR2 and the downstream signaling pathway activation. Moreover, we demonstrated that anlotinib blocked hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced cell migration, invasion and VEGF-induced angiogenesis. Notably, a 143B-Luc orthotopic osteosarcoma model further showed that anlotinib significantly inhibited growth and lung metastasis of implanted tumor cells. Our preclinical work indicates that anlotinib acts as a novel inhibitor of VEGFR2 and MET that blocks tumorigenesis in osteosarcoma, which could be translated into future clinical trials.

Anlotinib, a novel small molecular tyrosine kinase inhibitor, suppresses growth and metastasis via dual blockade of VEGFR2 and MET in osteosarcoma

// Daniela Augsburger 1 , Peter J. Nelson 2 , Thomas Kalinski 3 , Andrej Udelnow 1 , Thomas Knosel 4 , Monika Hofstetter 2 , Ji Wei Qin 1 , Yan Wang 1 , Arvid Sen Gupta 1 , Susanne Bonifatius 1 , Minglun Li 5 , Christiane J. Bruns 1, 6, 7 and Yue Zhao 1, 6, 7 1 Department of General, Visceral und Vascular Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany 2 Clinical Biochemistry Group, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, University of Munich, Munich, Germany 3 Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany 4 Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany 5 Department of Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany 6 Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany 7 Present address: Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Correspondence to: Christiane J. Bruns, email: christiane.bruns@uk-koeln.de Yue Zhao, email: zyberry@gmail.com Keywords: fibrosarcoma, tumor microenvironment, therapeutic resistance, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) Received: June 06, 2017      Accepted: July 29, 2017      Published: August 10, 2017 ABSTRACT Adult-type fibrosarcoma is a rare and highly aggressive subtype of soft tissue sarcomas. Due to the existence of other spindle-cell shaped sarcomas, its diagnosis is always one of exclusion. The likelihood of misdiagnoses between similar tumour entities is high, and often leads to inappropriate tumour treatment. We summarize here the main features of fibrosarcoma. When fibrosarcoma is appropriately diagnosed, the patient`s overall prognosis is generally quite poor. Fibrosarcoma is characterized by its low sensitivity towards radio- and chemotherapy as well as by its high rate of tumour recurrences. Thus it is important to identify new methods to improve treatment of this tumour entity. We discuss some promising new directions in fibrosarcoma research, specifically focusing on more effective targeting of the tumour microenvironment. Communication between tumour cells and their surrounding stromal tissue play a crucial role in cancer progression, invasion, metastasis and chemosensitivity. The therapeutic potential of targeting the tumour microenvironment is addressed.

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Current diagnostics and treatment of fibrosarcoma -perspectives for future therapeutic targets and strategies.

BACKGROUND Anlotinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor inhibiting angiogenesis. This multicenter, randomized phase II trial aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of anlotinib in comparison with sunitinib as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with mRCC from 13 clinical centers were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive anlotinib (n = 90) or sunitinib (n = 43). Anlotinib was given orally at a dose of 12 mg once daily (2 weeks on/1 week off), and sunitinib was given orally at 50 mg once daily (4 weeks on/2 weeks off). The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and safety. RESULTS The median PFS was similar with anlotinib and sunitinib (17.5 vs. 16.6 months, p > .05). The median OS (30.9 vs. 30.5 months, p > .05), ORR (30.3% vs. 27.9%), and 6-week DCR (97.8% vs. 93.0%) were similar in the two groups. Adverse events (AEs) of grade 3 or 4 were significantly less frequent with anlotinib than with sunitinib (28.9% vs. 55.8%, p < .01), especially in terms of thrombocytopenia and neutropenia. AEs occurring at a lower frequency with anlotinib were hand-foot syndrome, eyelid edema, hair depigmentation, skin yellowing, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia. The incidence of serious AEs was lower with anlotinib than with sunitinib. CONCLUSION The clinical efficacy of anlotinib was similar to that of sunitinib as the first-line treatment for mRCC, but with a more favorable safety profile. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of anlotinib for the first-line treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Anlotinib, which was developed independently in China, is a new tyrosine kinase inhibitor inhibiting multiple kinases involved in angiogenesis and tumor proliferation. Results indicated that the efficacy of anlotinib is comparable to and the safety is better than that of sunitinib.

Anlotinib Versus Sunitinib as First-Line Treatment for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Randomized Phase II Clinical Trial

Purpose: The prognosis for patients with refractory soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) is dismal. Anlotinib has previously shown antitumor activity on STS in preclinical and phase I studies.Patients and Methods: Patients 18 years and older, progressing after anthracycline-based chemotherapy, naive from angiogenesis inhibitors, with at least one measurable lesion according to RECIST 1.1, were enrolled. The main subtypes eligible were undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS), liposarcoma (LPS), leiomyosarcoma (LMS), synovial sarcoma (SS), fibrosarcoma (FS), alveolar soft-part sarcoma (ASPS), and clear cell sarcoma (CCS). Participants were treated with anlotinib. The primary endpoint was progression-free rate at 12 weeks (PFR12 weeks).Results: A total of 166 patients were included in the final analysis. Overall, the PFR12 weeks was 68%, and objective response rate was 13% (95% confidence interval, 7.6%-18%). The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 5.6 and 12 months, respectively. The PFR12 weeks, median PFS and OS were: 58%, 4.1 and 11 months for UPS (n = 19); 63%, 5.6 and 13 months for LPS (n = 13); 75%, 11 and 15 months for LMS (n = 26); 75%, 7.7 and 12 months for SS (n = 47); 81%, 5.6 and 12 months for FS (n = 18); 77%, 21 and not reached for ASPS (n = 13); 54%, 11 and 16 months for CCS (n = 7); and 44%, 2.8 and 8.8 months for other sarcoma (n = 23), respectively. The most common clinically significant grade 3 or higher adverse events were hypertension (4.8%), triglyceride elevation (3.6%), and pneumothorax (2.4%). No treatment-related death occurred.Conclusions: Anlotinib showed antitumor activity in several STS entities. The toxicity was manageable. Clin Cancer Res; 24(21); 5233-8. ©2018 AACR.

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Safety and Efficacy of Anlotinib, a Multikinase Angiogenesis Inhibitor, in Patients with Refractory Metastatic Soft-Tissue Sarcoma.

11005Background: No standard therapies are available in China for Soft tissues sarcomas (STS)patients who failed to chemotherapies. Anlotinib is a multi-target RTK inhibitor, with VEGFR1/2/3, FGFR1...

Ping Sun

Papers

Safety and Efficacy of Anlotinib, a Multikinase Angiogenesis Inhibitor, in Patients with Refractory Metastatic Soft-Tissue Sarcoma.

Phase II study of anlotinib for treatment of advanced soft tissues sarcomas.