Today, vehicles are increasingly being connected to the Internet of Things which enable them to provide ubiquitous access to information to drivers and passengers while on the move. However, as the number of connected vehicles keeps increasing, new requirements (such as seamless, secure, robust, scalable information exchange among vehicles, humans, and roadside infrastructures) of vehicular networks are emerging. In this context, the original concept of vehicular ad-hoc networks is being transformed into a new concept called the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). We discuss the benefits of IoV along with recent industry standards developed to promote its implementation. We further present recently proposed communication protocols to enable the seamless integration and operation of the IoV. Finally, we present future research directions of IoV that require further consideration from the vehicular research community.

Internet of Vehicles: Architecture, Protocols, and Security

This work aims to provide a review of the routing protocols in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) from routing algorithms to their evaluation approaches. We provide five different taxonomies of routing protocols. First, we classify them based on their transmission strategy into three categories: unicast, geocast, and broadcast ones. Second, we classify them into four categories based on information required to perform routing: topology-, position-, map-, and path-based ones. Third, we identify them in delay-sensitive and delay-tolerant ones. Fourth, we discuss them according to their applicability in different dimensions, i.e., 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D. Finally, we discuss their target networks, i.e., homogeneous and heterogeneous ones. As the evaluation is also a vital part in IoV routing protocol studies, we examine the evaluation approaches, i.e., simulation and real-world experiments. IoV includes not only the traditional vehicular ad hoc networks, which usually involve a small-scale and homogeneous network, but also a much larger scale and heterogeneous one. The composition of classical routing protocols and latest heterogeneous network approaches is a promising topic in the future. This work should motivate IoV researchers, practitioners, and new comers to develop IoV routing protocols and technologies.

Routing in Internet of Vehicles: A Review

Vehicular communication is an important and emerging area of research in the field of vehicular technology. The development of software and hardware in communication systems leads to the generation of new networks. Many researches and projects have been conducted in this upcoming area. Many government projects have been implemented in the USA, Japan and the European Union. The main objective of using this new technology is to create an accident free environment. New architectures, protocols and implementations of vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) have been made in recent years to provide Intelligent Transportation Services. In this study, the authors survey the current issues like development, deployment, security challenges and about the current projects running in different countries. They also survey the mobility models and simulators required to implement VANET. They have also reviewed the emerging applications of VANET which provides services to the end users. At last, they have presented future research problems in VANET. The main motive of this survey is to explore the current ideas in vehicular communication.

https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1049/iet-net.2013.0065

Vehicular communication: a survey

We evaluate the physical layer of infrastructure-to-vehicle communications from real-world measurements. For the measurements, a prototypical implementation of IEEE 802.11p was deployed in two roadside units (RSUs) along a highway in Austria. The required signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for achieving a frame-error-ratio (FER) less than 0.1 is estimated from measurements for various configurations of data rate, packet length, and vehicle speed. Evaluations show that for a RSU with an antenna mounted at a low height (1.8m) the required SNR depends on the packet length. This is not the case for a RSU, where the antenna is mounted higher (7.1 m). Further the averaged required SNR over all different parameter settings for the low RSU is 4.6 dB larger compared to the required SNR for the high RSU.

/pdf/performance-evaluation-of-ieee-802-11p-physical-layer-1xernhaofv.pdf

Performance evaluation of IEEE 802.11p physical layer infrastructure-to-vehicle real-world measurements

The dedicated short-range communication/wireless access for vehicular environment together with the fourth generation-long-term evolution technologies has been widely accepted as the most promising...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1550147716671267

Implementation and performance measurement of a V2X communication system for vehicle and pedestrian safety

The IEEE 802.11p and IEEE 1609-family standards are developed for vehicular communications in telematics. Based on these standards, the implementation of a wireless access in vehicular environment (WAVE)/ dedicated short-range communication system (DSRC) is presented. The performance of the implemented system is evaluated via on-road testing with the WAVE short-message protocol (WSMP), which shows the efficiency of the system in vehicular environments.

Implementation of WAVE/DSRC Devices for vehicular communications

Vehicular wireless networks have emerged as a promising wireless communication technology in recent years. Vehicular wireless networks collect information on real-time traffic, such as the road situation, the location of a car accident, etc., which must be delivered to its destination before a set deadline in order to be useful for an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). Target applications are called safety-critical information. However, vehicular wireless communication does not incorporate reliable transmission of safety-critical information which will experience wireless errors due to collisions or the noisy environment caused by the high speed of moving vehicles. If the driver of a vehicle does not receive the information in time, this may cause a critical condition. This paper proposes a Reliable Transmission Mechanism (RTM) to solve this problem. The RTM relies on extra parity bytes adaptively added to a byte-level forward error correction mechanism to enhance the transmission quality of safety-critical information. This paper simulates the RTM and compares it with conventional vehicular wireless networks in terms of effective packet loss rate, retransmission count and average end-to-end delay. The simulation results show that our proposed RTM protects the information effectively.

Po-Chun Kang

Papers

Implementation of WAVE/DSRC Devices for vehicular communications

Reliable Transmission Mechanism for safety-critical information in vehicular wireless networks