Controlling biofilms of bacteria is a challenging aspect because of their drug resistance potentials against a range of antibiotics, demanding the development of active anti-biofilm agents. Rutin, a natural antioxidant and benzamide, a synthetic antibacterial agent are having several pharmacological and antibacterial abilities. Herein, we developed PEG-PLGA NPs that synergistically carried rutin and benzamide as drug candidates besides displaying therapeutic and anti-biofilm functions. These drug delivery NPs were synthesized by oil-in-water emulsion (O/W) solvent evaporation technique. The obtained NPs were characterized by UV-vis, FT-IR, SEM, TEM and DLS measurements. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was employed to evaluate the anti-biofilm capabilities against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and further quantified the levels of residual biofilm constituents such as protein and exo-polysaccharide (EPS). Drug release experiments showed the controlled release of rutin-benzamide for sev...

Co-delivery of Diverse Therapeutic Compounds using PEG-PLGA Nanoparticle Cargo against Drug Resistant Bacteria: An Improved Anti-biofilm Strategy

Hyaluronic acid/tannic acid hydrogel sunscreen with excellent anti-UV, antioxidant, and cooling effects.

Biofilm is an advanced form of protection that allows bacterial cells to withstand adverse environmental conditions. The complex structure of biofilm results from genetic-related mechanisms besides other factors such as bacterial morphology or substratum properties. Inhibition of biofilm formation of harmful bacteria (spoilage and pathogenic bacteria) is a critical task in the food industry because of the enhanced resistance of biofilm bacteria to stress, such as cleaning and disinfection methods traditionally used in food processing plants, and the increased food safety risks threatening consumer health caused by recurrent contamination and rapid deterioration of food by biofilm cells. Therefore, it is urgent to find methods and strategies for effectively combating bacterial biofilm formation and eradicating mature biofilms. Innovative and promising approaches to control bacteria and their biofilms are emerging. These new approaches range from methods based on natural ingredients to the use of nanoparticles. This literature review aims to describe the efficacy of these strategies and provide an overview of recent promising biofilm control technologies in the food processing sector.

Promising strategies to control persistent enemies: Some new technologies to combat biofilm in the food industry-A review.

Characterization of self-assembled bioflocculant from the microbial consortium and its applications.

Nanoparticles approach to eradicate bacterial biofilm-related infections: A critical review.

Biofilms are gelatinous masses of microorganisms attached to wound surfaces. Previous studies suggest that biofilms generate resistance towards antibiotic treatments. It was reported that hydrogels containing xylitol and antibiotic combinations produced additive antibiofilm inhibition. However, hydrogel formulations lack specificity, due to which xylitol cannot penetrate into the biofilm matrix and gets easily degraded by bacterial beta lactamase enzymes. It was hypothesized that the incorporation of xylitol in PLGA (polylactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles will enhance penetration into the EPS (extra polymeric substance) component of the biofilm matrix and potentially overcome the antibiotic resistance associated with the biofilms. The purpose of this study was to develop PLGA nanoparticles loaded with xylitol, which will enhance bacterial biofilm penetration. The nanoparticles were loaded with different amounts of xylitol (0.5–5% w/w) and characterized for physiochemical and drug release properties. The metabolic antibiofilm activity of the PLGA nanoparticles containing xylitol was demonstrated by an XTT assay using as references the cultures of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and the polymicrobial biofilms of both bacterial strains. Live/dead viability staining was also performed to investigate the viability ratio of bacterial cells present in the biofilms. The biofilm penetration study of the PLGA nanoparticles was assessed by combining the nanoparticles with conjugated concanavalin A (Con A)-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and by viewing using confocal laser scanning electron microscopy (CLSM). In conclusion, the PLGA nanoparticles loaded with xylitol were successfully developed and were found to promote the antibiofilm activity of xylitol in infected wounds.

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Pooi Yin Chung

Papers

PLGA/xylitol nanoparticles enhance antibiofilm activity via penetration into biofilm extracellular polymeric substances