A smart city is a sustainable and efficient urban centre that provides a high quality of life to its inhabitants through optimal management of its resources. Energy management is one of the most demanding issues within such urban centres owing to the complexity of the energy systems and their vital role. Therefore, significant attention and effort need to be dedicated to this problem. Modelling and simulation are the major tools commonly used to assess the technological and policy impacts of smart solutions, as well as to plan the best ways of shifting from current cities to smarter ones. This paper reviews energy-related work on planning and operation models within the smart city by classifying their scope into five main intervention areas: generation, storage, infrastructure, facilities, and transport. More-complex urban energy models integrating more than one intervention area are also reviewed, outlining their advantages and limitations, existing trends and challenges, and some relevant applications. Lastly, a methodology for developing an improved energy model in the smart-city context is proposed, along with some additional final recommendations.

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Energy management and planning in smart cities

Spot Pricing of Electricity

To extract the maximum potential advantages in light of environmental, economical and technical aspects, the optimum installation and sizing of Distributed Generation (DG) in distribution network has always been challenging for utilities as well as customers. The installation of DG would be of maximum benefit where setting up of central power generating units are not practical, or in remote and small areas where the installation of transmission lines or availability of unused land is out of question. The objective of optimal installation of DG in distribution system is to achieve proper operation of distribution networks with minimization of the system losses, improvement of the voltage profile, enhanced system reliability, stability and loadability etc. In this respect analytical (classical) methods, although well-matched for small systems, perform adversely for large and complex objective functions. Unlike the analytical (classical) methods, the intelligent techniques for optimal sizing and siting of DGs are speedy, possess good convergence characteristics, and are well suited for large and complex systems. However, to find a global optimal solution of complex multi-objective problems, a hybrid of two or more meta-heuristic optimization techniques give more effective and reliable solution. This paper presents the fundamentals of DG and DG technologies review the classical and heuristic approaches for optimal sizing and placement of DG units in distribution networks and study their impacts on utilities and customers. An attempt has also been made to compare the analytical (classical) and meta-heuristic techniques for optimal sizing and siting of DG in distribution networks. The present study can contribute meaningful knowledge and assist as a reference for investigators and utility engineers on issues to be considered for optimal sizing and siting of DG units in distribution systems.

Optimal sizing and siting techniques for distributed generation in distribution systems: A review

Abstract. This paper presents a method to derive the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) and to estimate the biases of GPS satellites and dual frequency receivers using the GPS Earth Observation Network (GEONET) in Japan. Based on the consideration that the TEC is uniform in a small area, the method divides the ionosphere over Japan into 32 meshes. The size of each mesh is 2° by 2° in latitude and longitude, respectively. By assuming that the TEC is identical at any point within a given mesh and the biases do not vary within a day, the method arranges unknown TECs and biases with dual GPS data from about 209 receivers in a day unit into a set of equations. Then the TECs and the biases of satellites and receivers were determined by using the least-squares fitting technique. The performance of the method is examined by applying it to geomagnetically quiet days in various seasons, and then comparing the GPS-derived TEC with ionospheric critical frequencies (foF2). It is found that the biases of GPS satellites and most receivers are very stable. The diurnal and seasonal variation in TEC and foF2 shows a high degree of conformity. The method using a highly dense receiver network like GEONET is not always applicable in other areas. Thus, the paper also proposes a simpler and faster method to estimate a single receiver’s bias by using the satellite biases determined from GEONET. The accuracy of the simple method is examined by comparing the receiver biases determined by the two methods. Larger deviation from GEONET derived bias tends to be found in the receivers at lower ( Key words. Ionosphere (mid-latitude ionosphere; instruments and techniques) – Radio science (radio-wave propagation)

Ionosphere and thermosphere: Derivation of TEC and estimation of instrumental biases from GEONET in Japan

An overview of numerical and mathematical modelling-based distributed generation (DG) system optimisation techniques is presented in this review paper. The objective is to compare different aspects of these two broad classes of DG optimisation techniques, explore their applications, and identify potential research directions from reviewed studies. Introductory descriptions of general electrical power system and DG system are first provided, followed by reviews on renewable resource assessment, load demand analysis, model formulation, and optimisation techniques. In renewable resource assessment model review, uncertain solar and wind energy resources are emphasised whereas applications of forecasting models have been highlighted based on their prediction horizons, computational power requirement, and training data intensity. For DG optimisation framework, (solar, wind and tidal) power generator, energy storage and energy balance models are discussed; in optimisation technique section, both numerical and mathematical modelling optimisation methods are reviewed, analysed and criticised with recommendations for their improvements. In overall, this review provides preliminary guidelines, research gaps and recommendations for developing a better and more user-friendly DG energy planning optimisation tool.

Review of distributed generation (DG) system planning and optimisation techniques: Comparison of numerical and mathematical modelling methods

The sustainable power source has huge potential which can meet the worlds energy demand easily by utilizing the easily accessible Renewable energy source. International energy agency (IEA) shows, in a relative report on the world energy utilization that in 2050 sun based exhibit establishment will give around 45 % of world vitality request. Sun powered vitality is a standout amongst the most essential sustainable power source which assumes an incredible part in giving energy arrangements. As known there is wide assortment of sort of authorities and utilizations of sun powered energy. This paper expected to make a short audit on sun oriented energy framework, as indicated by kinds of collectors and application utilized. Sun oriented energy is the best sustainable power source. Photovoltaic cells are utilized to change over sunlight-based energy to electrical energy. Photovoltaic can create power for an extensive variety of use. The solar based subsequent framework in the interest for sustainable power source is planned as a consequence to collect free energy by the sunlight. save it in battery and convert this energy so for exchanging current. This paper presents a review of the accessible writing covering the different types of PV modules based on generation of solar cell and their application in regarding electrical as well as thermal.

Review Paper on Solar Tapping -a Sustainable Resource

The population of India is likely to reach by 1.4 billion in 2025 as urban. With per capita land availability ha and net availability of cereals and pulses

https://www.chemijournal.com/archives/2020/vol8issue5/PartAF/8-5-388-977.pdf

Assessment of productivity and soil fertility of Meerut in irrigated Agro-ecosystem of western Uttar Pradesh

In this paper the armature windings in the stator of two pole salient pole rotor type (and/or two pole cylindrical rotor type) synchronous machine is analyzed to reduce the end-winding length The copper used in armature windings can be reduced by winding two adjacently placed identical cylindrical rotor type or two pole salient pole rotor type synchronous machines together which must be started in the same direction with their rotor alignments exactly opposite Such arrangement shows the possibility of obtaining improved performances of the machine (efficiency) and the use of reduced quantity of copper in the armature windings

Reduction of copper winding in synchronous machines with improved performances

This paper presents an optimal power flow method for effect of power factor variation of DGs on its size and location in power systems for enhancement of system performances. In this paper, the minimization of real and reactive power losses with different types of Distributed Generation (DG1, DG2, DG3 and DG4, respectively) is done. These are operating at different power factors (unity, 0.80-0.99 ld, zero and 0.80-0.99 lg, respectively). The proposed methodology has been illustrated for IEEE-9 and IEEE-39 bus test systems.

Effects of Power Factor Variation of Distributed Generations on its Size & Location in Power Systems for Enhancement of System Performances

This paper presents the design, simulation, and characterization of a novel low-noise amplifier (LNA) and active mixer for intelligent transportation system applications. A low noise amplifier is the key component of RF receiver systems. Design, simulation, and characterization of LNA have been performed to obtain the optimum value of noise figure, gain and reflection coefficient. Proposed LNA achieves measured voltage gains of ~18 dB, reflection coefficients of -20 dB, and noise figures of ~2 dB at 5.9 GHz, respectively. The active mixer is a better choice for a modern receiver system over a passive mixer. Key sight advanced design system in conjunction with the electromagnetic simulation tool, has been to obtain the optimal conversion gain and noise figure of the active mixer. The lower and upper resonant frequencies of mixer have been obtained at 2.45 GHz and 5.25 GHz, respectively. The measured conversion gains at lower and upper frequencies are 12 dB and 10.2 dB, respectively. The measured noise figures at lower and upper frequencies are 5.8 dB and 6.5 dB, respectively. The measured mixer interception point at lower and upper frequencies are 3.9 dBm and 4.2 dBm.

https://publications.drdo.gov.in/ojs/index.php/dsj/article/download/13917/7369

Prabhakar Tiwari

Papers

Review Paper on Solar Tapping -a Sustainable Resource

Assessment of productivity and soil fertility of Meerut in irrigated Agro-ecosystem of western Uttar Pradesh

Reduction of copper winding in synchronous machines with improved performances

Effects of Power Factor Variation of Distributed Generations on its Size & Location in Power Systems for Enhancement of System Performances

Design of RF Receiver Front end Subsystems with Low Noise Amplifier and Active Mixer for Intelligent Transportation Systems Application